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1、The Appreciation of English Rhetoric,Su Xuelei,另外，值得注意的是英语中有许多成语含有明喻，其结构为as + 形容词+ as +名词（第一个as可省略）。例如： (as) blind as a bat 目光如豆 (as) cool as cucumber 泰然自若 (as) cold as a marble 冷若冰霜 (as) busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙 (as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石 (as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 (as) mute as an oyster 噤若寒蝉 (as) stro
2、ng as horse 健壮如牛 用些含明喻的成语用like构成。例如： like a duck to water 如鱼得水 like a hen on a hot griddle 像热锅上的蚂蚁 like a mouse in a hole 瓮中之鳖 以上是明喻最典型的体现格式：A is like B. 和A is asas B.,英语中的明喻可以多种格式体现，其他的格式或句型还有： 1、虚拟句型 最常见的是用as if或as though作比喻词，另外还有其他一些形式。例如： My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from
3、 an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs. (Sydney Smith ) 我的笔迹，看来就像一大群蚂蚁从墨水里逃出来，没有把脚抹干净就在纸上四散奔跑过似的。笔迹像蚂蚁爬的痕迹，比喻得恰如其分。,and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox. 还有一位我
4、生平所未曾见过最胖的女人坐在一把直背椅子上打瞌睡，那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上一样。 “一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上”比喻（含夸张）得多么生动。,She looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness of some crisis. (Isacca Bashevis Singer: The Briefcase) 她看上去既老又年轻，好像是新病初愈或是刚遭了一场灾难的样子。 He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come ou
5、t of a painting by Velasquez. (Ernest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls) 那匹马很漂亮，像是维拉斯凯兹油画上的马变活了。,2、what型 常见的句式有两种：A is to B what C is to D和 What C is to D, A is to B。例如： Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 卡洛斯雷德与可卡因的贩运的关系，正如亨利福特与汽车的关系。 卡洛斯雷德是著名的哥伦比亚毒枭（Colombian
6、drug lord），亨利福特是美国的汽车大王，本句通过喻体（福特）说明本体（雷德）。此明喻起说明的作用。 Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. (Bovee) 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。 The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body. 智力对思想犹如视力对于身体一样重要。,在这个明喻句式中，系动词可以改用
7、实义动词do，介词to改为 for，而成为 A does for B what C does for D 。这里what引导的是一个宾语从句。例如： Marx did for the development of society what Darwin did for the development of the biology. 马克思对社会发展的贡献和达尔文对生物学发展的贡献一样。 第二个句式是把what从句提到句首而形成的。例如： What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer. 提纲对于作家犹如蓝图对于
8、建筑师一样重要。 What blood vessels are to a mans body, that railways are to the country. 铁路对于一个国的家的作用正如血管对于人体的作用。 What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。 What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 妙语与幽默之于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。,simile,
9、喻体的选择往往具有浓郁的民族色彩。当英汉两种语言对同一本体设喻时，所采用的喻体有同有异，且异多于同。 1.喻体相同 As cold as ice 冰冷 As cunning as a fox 狐狸般的狡猾 As still as death 死寂 As graceful as a swan像天鹅一样的优美 As chaste as ice冰清玉洁,As fat as pig 胖的像猪 As handsome as paint 美丽如画 As greedy as a wolf 想狼一样贪婪,喻体相异,由于地理环境，历史，风俗习性，价值观念，宗教信仰等的不同造成了文化的重大差异。例如 To eat
10、 like a horse 狼吞虎咽 To drink like a fish 牛饮 Like a drowned rat 想落汤鸡一样 Like a peacock among sparrows 鹤立鸡群 As merry as a cricket 快乐如神仙 As poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗,中英动物词汇的联想意义对比,Fox 狡猾， 诡计多端 He is as sly as a fox. You have got to watch him. 他狡猾如狐狸，你可要小心点。 When the fox says he is an vegetarian, its ti
11、me for the hen to look out.,2. Wolf 残忍凶暴，贪婪成性 To me he is a power-he is the primitive with cruelty of the wolf in his innermost nature. 他对我有绝对的控制权-他是个野蛮的土人，骨子里透着豺狼般的残忍。 She was as greedy as a wolf. 她像狼那样贪得无厌。 A wolf in sheeps clothing(披着羊皮的狼)。,3. Donkey (ass), pig 愚蠢，窝囊 You ass! You stupid ass! How
12、could you do such a thing like that?! 你这头驴！ 你这头蠢驴！你怎么会干出那种事来？ “pig” , she spat out at him viciously, her nostrils flaring in a look of savage disdain. “蠢猪”， 她恶毒地咒骂他，两只鼻孔张得大大的，露出极端蔑视的神情。 Make an ass of oneself(做蠢事),4. parrot 模仿 You are no better than a parrot when you act the priest, Father de Bricas
13、sart! 徳.布里卡萨神父，当你成为教士后，并不比学舌的 鹦鹉高明多少。 5. lamb 温顺 March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb. 三月天气来时凶猛如狮，去时温和如绵羊。 as gentle as a lamb/as meek as a sheep,1. dog 在汉语中，狗是卑贱的动物，因为狗过于忠诚于主人，反而让人们讨厌，所以在汉语，与狗相关的词汇都带有贬义，如:狗仗人势，狗改不了吃屎，狗嘴里吐不出象才来，狗咬吕洞宾，狼心狗肺，狗血喷头，落水狗，丧家之犬。国的人一听到狗字就特别反感。,喻义相异,对于英国的人来说，狗既可
14、以用来看门或打猎，也可以被视为人的伴侣和爱物。在英的地位是很高的，人们对狗的印象都很好。所以人多数与狗相关的词汇都是含有褒义或中性词义的。如:a lucky dog(幸运儿，走运的家伙)、love me, love my dog(爱屋及乌)、every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意时)、A gay dog(欢乐的人)、help a lame dog over a stile(台阶)(助人渡过难关)。,2. dragon 龙是中国的传说中的神异动物。在中国的，龙象征着皇权，神力，威严,尊贵。国的人称自己是龙的子孙，龙的传人。在封建社会，龙是皇帝的象征。在汉语，凡与龙相关的词语都是
15、褒义，如:龙飞凤舞、 龙凤吉祥、藏龙卧虎、望子成龙、龙马精神、虎啸龙吟、龙腾虎跃、画龙点睛、攀龙附凤。,而在西方神话中，dragon是一只巨大的晰蝎，长着翅膀，身上有鳞，拖着一条长长的尾巴，能够从嘴中喷火。英国的人看到dragon这个词时，想到的是青面獠牙，残忍的怪兽，邪恶的家伙和恶势力。The (old) dragon指的是撒曰，魔王，魔鬼。在英语最占老的史诗Beowulf 中, dragon指的就是个凶恶暴虐的恶龙。另外，dragon还指凶狠的妇女，悍妇，如:his wife is a real dragon(真是一个凶狠，泼辣的母老虎)。,3. bat 中国的文化中，蝙蝠因与“福”字是谐
16、音,所以蝙蝠被认为是好运，吉祥的象征。在西方，蝙蝠是一种邪恶的动物，常与罪恶和黑暗联系在一起，特别是、vampire bat吸血蝙蝠，提起来就令人毛骨惊然，所以与蝙蝠相关的词语都带有贬义色彩，如: as blind as a bat(像蝙蝠一样瞎);have bats in one belfry(钟楼) (疯疯癫癫，傻里傻气)、Crazy as a bat:精神失常，发痴。,Owl在英语中常常是智慧、聪明的象征，英语比喻as wise as an ow1(象猫头鹰一样聪明)就是一例;还有“神情严肃”的联想意义， as grave as an owl.而在汉语中猫头鹰则常被视为不祥之物，会让人联想起凶兆，比喻会有不测。人们认为猫头鹰叫则预示着将要死人，猫头鹰进屋更是一种凶兆。民间就有忌讳“夜猫了进宅，无事不来”，指的也是猫头鹰能够带来恶运。,A figure of speech containing an implied comparison,
