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1、学术英语写作,语言学方向,语言学论文也可以分为基础学科（音系，句法，语义，形态等）分析和应用学科（语言教学，语言测试，社会因素，文学作品的文体学分析等）分析，如网络语言分析，属于社会语言学的范畴。,Teaching Points,一. 语音类，如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等。 二. 词汇类，如词汇形态学，语义学，构词，词化，语义场等。题目如委婉语、The Linguistic Features of the Business English （值得一提的是，学生在写商务英语时要多半与翻译、文化、语言学相结合，所以本书本有把商务英语单独列为一个论文选题方向）。 三. 语法类，
2、如语法结构，层次，修辞等。,Teaching points,四. 句子类，如分析句子的各种成分，语序，基本句型等。 五. 语篇类，如连贯性，思维逻辑性，结构修辞，主体与客体意识等。题目如谈话中的交际原则。 六. 言语发展与变化类， 如就近代英语语言的衍变、英语与汉语的对比等进行分析。,Teaching points,具体来说，要写一篇语言学方面的论文，学生可以1. 先观察总结日常生活中近些年来的英语语言的某些变化现象。2.用语言学理论分析这种现象并找出变化的原因。3. 是问题的话就找出解决办法，或者如果是客观现象的话就总结其影响，预测其发展趋势。,terms,Descriptive: An a
3、pproach to linguistics which is concerned with saying what language is like and not what it should be like (prescriptivism). Diachronic: Refers to language viewed over time and contrasts with synchronic which refers to a point in time. This is one of the major structural distinctions introduced by S
4、aussure and which is used to characterize types of linguistic investigation. .,Displacement: One of the key characteristics of human language which enables it to refer to situations which are not here and now, e.g. I studied linguistics in London when I was in my twenties. Hierarchy: Any order of el
5、ements from the most central or basic to the most peripheral, e.g. a hierarchy of word classes in English would include nouns and verbs at the top and elements like adjectives and adverbs further down with conjunctions and subordinators still further down. The notions of top and bottom are intended
6、in a metaphorical sense,terms,Surface structure: The form in which a sentence actually appears in speech; contrast this with deep structure.,Transformation: In early versions of generative grammar this was a type of operation which showed a formal link between two types of sentence with more or less
7、 identical meaning, e.g. between active or passive sentences. A second usage was in the process of derivation, i.e. when moving from deep to surface structure. Here many linguists assumed that various transformations were necessary. The number of these has been greatly reduced so that present-day ge
8、nerative grammar believes that only one transformation is required, given the general form move alpha.,terms,Discourse analysis: The investigation of the structure and patterning of discourse (human speech). It contrasts explicitly with analyses of written language or of contrived examples in lingui
9、stic works.,Conceptual semantics: This theory is an effort to explain properties of argument structure. The assumption behind this theory is that syntactic properties of phrases reflect the meanings of the words that head them. With this theory, linguists can better deal with the fact that subtle di
10、fferences in word meaning correlate with other differences in the syntactic structure that the word appears in. The way this is gone about is by looking at the internal structure of words. These small parts that make up the internal structure of words are termed semantic primitives,Semiotics: also c
11、alled semiotic studies and including (in the Saussurean tradition) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, for i
12、ts part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically. However, as different from linguistics, semiotics studies also non-linguistic sign systems.,Semiotics is often divided into three branches: Semantics: Relation between signs and the things to which they refer, their denotation
13、, or meaning. Syntactics: Relations among signs in formal structures. Pragmatics: Relation between signs and the effects they have on the people who use them.,Functionalism: Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its struc
14、tures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out. Functional theories of grammar differs from formal theories of grammar, in that the latter seeks to define the different elements of language and describe the way they relate to each other as systems of formal rul
15、es or operations, whereas the former defines the functions performed by language and then relates these functions to the linguistic elements that carry them out.,This means that functional theories of grammar tend to pay attention to the way language is actually used, and not just to the formal rela
16、tions between linguistic elements. Functional theories then describe language in term of functions existing on all levels of language.,语言学类论文题目举例,1. A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Basic Color Terms “Black“ and “White“ in English and Chinese 英汉基本颜色词“黑“、“白“的认知语义分析 2. An Interpretation of the Cognitive Process and Pragmatic Function of Space Deixis 空间指示的认知心理过程和语用功能解析,3. The Pragmatic Stance and the Empathic and De-empathic Functions of Person Deixis in Interpersonal Discourse 人际交往话语中人称指示语选择的语
