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1、专业四级语法复习,非谓语动词 一.概念 动词不定式、动名词和分词 .动词不定式 （一）作定语 1.动词不定式与其修饰的词之间有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后应有合适的介词。 He is a pleasant fellow to work with. There is nothing to worry about.,2.有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如：time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness , need, anxiety, wish, plan 等。 Women should have the right to receive
2、 education. There is no time to hesitate. 3. the first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式作定语。,The monitor will be the first to come. He was the last man to blame. (二）作状语 1.作目的状语 He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. I shut the door quietly so as not to wake the baby.,2.作结果状语 She left home n
3、ever to return again. 3.作原因状语，一般放在句末。 She burst into laughter to see his funny action. The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.,4.作独立成分 这些词有：to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth.
4、如： To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.,.动名词 动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加词尾 ing 构成，同时具有动词和名词特征。 1. 作定语 None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room. 2. 作宾语 （1）介词动名词可以作状语用，表示时间，原因、目的、让步、方式 等。,After finishing the job, he went home. He was
5、 blamed for having done something wrong. (2)作动词宾语，有些动词要求动名词作宾语，这类词有：admit, advise, avoid, delay, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, postpone, practise, require, resist, risk, suggest, stand等。如： If you practise diving often, you will learn how to do it. Sorry I have delayed answering your letter.,.分词 分词包
6、括现在分词和过去分词两种，分词可以在句中作状语和定语。 （一）现在分词与过去分词的区别 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已经完成。,developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 the touching tale 动人的传说 the touched audience 受感动的观众 （二）现在分词的用法，可作定语和状语 1.作定语 （1）现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前。 This is a pr
7、essing question. He asked an embarrassing question.,(2) 现在分词也可置于它所修饰的名词之后。 There were no soldiers drilling. (3)现在分词短语一般置于其修饰的名词之后。 A little child learning to walk often falls. The men working here are the local people. 2.现在分词用作状语 现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看，也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能
8、与谓语动词的动作同时发生。,（1）表示时间 Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. He went out shutting the door behind him. 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用when 或while. When leaving the airport , they waved to us again and again. (2)表示原因 Being sick, I stayed at home. She caught cold sitting on the grass.,(
9、3)表示条件 Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. (4)表示让步 Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best. (5)表示结果 It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.,(6)表方式或伴随情况 He ran up to her breathing heavily. Please fill in the form, giv
10、ing your name, address, etc.,（三）过去分词的用法 1.作定语 过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其修饰的名词之前。 Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier? 2.作状语 （1）表示时间 When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.,(2)表示原因 Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word. (3)表示条件 United, we sta
11、nd; divided, we fall. Given more time, Ill do it better. (4)表示让步 Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. Badly involved in the accident, the car is still running.,(5)表示方式或伴随情况 He came back, utterly exhausted. United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater
12、 successes in socialist construction. (四）分词独立结构 1. 分词短语表示的动作在逻辑上有主语，且能在同一句中找到。 Having finished her homework, she went out to play basketball.,2. 有时分词短语有它自己独立的主语，这种主语常是名词或代词，且放在分词短语的前面，这种结构叫做独立结构，它常用作状语，多用于书面语。 It being a holiday, I went fishing.那天放假，我钓鱼去了。 Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow
13、. The plan having been approved, what is most important is to carry it out.,3. 有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑上的主语，它们实际上已经变成习惯用语。 Judging from what you said, he is a stone- hearted person. 又如Generally speaking, 4.分词短语自己的主语还可以由with引出：“with+ 名词或代词（宾格）分词”的结构，一般也用作状语，表示伴随状态。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. T
14、he day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.,非谓语动词作动词宾语和宾语补足语,一.非谓语动词（短语）作动词宾语 1.要求动词ing作宾语的动词 有些动词只要求动词+ing作宾语，这类动词有：admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind,
15、 miss, pardon, permit, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, regret, require, resent, resist, risk, stop, suggest, understand, cant help , stand 等。,例如：I couldnt help feeling proud of our country. Someone suggested organizing an outing to the Western Hills. 某些动词词组也要求动词ing作宾语，如：give up, leave off, put of
16、f, amount to, attend to , be accustomed to, be used to , be opposed to , devote to , feel like, look forward to , object to , resort to , submit to 等。,Do you feel like having a walk with us in the woods by the sea? Some people in the rich world are opposed to dong business with poor countries. 有时在形容词后面也要求用动词ing, 例如：busy, worth, worthwhile等。 Is it worthwhile making such an experiment?,在point, trouble, difficulty等名词后，也用动词+ing. There is not much point (in) thinking about it. Amer
