张家口方言中语气词“么”的功能及语用分析【摘 要】张家口方言中的“么”作为语气词，有其独特、丰富的用法而且在当地方言中运用广泛文章对其用法作了初步的描写并探讨了“么”运用广泛的语用学基础文章利用收集口语语料的方法进行研究，首先探讨了现代汉语中“么”的来源及基本用法认为现代汉语中的“么”来源于“无”此后分别从“么”在陈述句、疑问句、祈使句中的位置、所表达的语义功能及“么”的连用问题等方面对“么”在张家口方言中的用法进行了描写总体来看，“么”表达一种委婉的强调语气，具有很强的主观色彩么”的这种表达功能正是语用学中礼貌原则和面子策略在日常交际中的具体运用关键词】 么 语气词 张家口方言 礼貌原则 面子策略The Usage and Pragmatic Analysis of “Me(么)” in Zhangjiakou DialectAbstract："么"as a modal particle in Zhangjiakou dialect, has its own unique, rich usage. Here we make a preliminary description to it through collecting corpus. In order to understand "么" in Zhangjiakou dialect, we discuss its source and basic usage at first and hold the view that "么" comes from "无". After that, we describe its usage in Zhangjiakou dialect in terms of its position and semantic function in the declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and conjunction. Overall, the "么" expresses euphemistic emphasize and involves highly subjective, which is a concrete application of the Politeness Principles and face-saving Strategies in Pragmatics .Key Words："me(么）1" the modal particle2 the Zhangjiakou dialect3 Politeness Principles 4 face-saving Strategies5 目 录中文摘要···············································································································I英文摘要·········································································································II目录········································································································III1 引言·············································································································1 1.1 研究目的和意义·················································································1 1.2 研究方法····························································································22 相关研究综述·······························································································3 2.1 现有研究概述·····················································································3 2.2 “么”的来源···················································································4 2.3“么”在现代汉语中的基本用法·························································43 “么”在张家口方言中的基本用法······························································5 3.1“么”用于陈述句················································································5 3.2“么”用于疑问句················································································63.3“么”用于祈使····················································································84 “么”与其它语气词的连用问题··································································8 4.1“的+么”·······························································································84.2“了/啦+么” ·······················································································104.3“哇/吧+么”· ·····················································································114.4“呀+么”·······························································································124.5“么”与两个语气词连用······································································135 “么”表达功能的语用学阐释·······································································135.1“么”与礼貌原则·················································································14 5.2“么”与面子策略·················································································156 小结················································································································167 参考文献·········································································································1717张家口方言中语气词“么”的功能及语用分析 1、引言1.1研究目的和意义 张家口市又称“张垣”、“武城”。
位于河北省西北部，地处京、冀、晋、蒙四省的交界处面积是3.7万平方公里，人口约为450万分为坝上、坝下两个自然地理区域，这两个区域内的语言也有一些差异根据贺巍等人的研究，张家口方言属于晋语-张呼片同时，由于邻近山西、内蒙古地区，当地人使用的语言与这些地区的语言有许多相近的地方，但在某些方面仍旧有差异存在 “么”作为语气词在张家口方言尤其是日常口语交际中占有十分重要的地位文章将对其用法做一个较为细致的描写并进行语用学的阐释试图通过这样一个小的切入点反映当地方言的生存状态及发展变迁体现当地方言的独特性和丰富的表达功能语言能够反映一个地区的文化、经济、政治等各个方面的变迁语言的发展也能反映一个地区的社会各方面的变化近年来，随着经济的发展交通的便利，各地区人们之间交流逐渐频繁，再加上国家教育的普及、普通话的推广等一系列措施的实施，一个地区内人们方言的纯粹性受到了不同程度的影响一方面表现在人们使用方言进行交流的过程中都会或多或少的夹杂普通话或其他的方言词汇进去；另一方面表现在当地的儿童和青少年使用方言的时间和频次的大幅度减少，完全用方言进行日常交流的人中一般以中老年人为主造成这一现象的原因，除了以上提到的外，还与儿童及青少年更易于和乐于接受新事物有关。
他们对新的语言形式的出现更为敏感，也更容易学会而且，学界普遍认为人学习语言也有一个关键期在关键期内及其前后一段时间人更容易学会这门语言张家口方言也正经历着这样一个普遍性的变化过程在这一过程中，当地的方言由于新的语言词汇等的加入逐渐的丰富起来，但同时也越来越缺乏地方特色尤其是操着普通话的年轻一代，对方言的继承越来越少如果继续发展下去，这一地区的方言是否也会成为历史？从前可以依据一个人所说的方言口音便能很容易的辨别出他来自哪里，现在，在这个全民都说普通话的时代，虽然技术进步了，但要依据一个人的语言来判断其生长的地方也不是那么容易了在语言学史上，有许多语言因为说的人很少而又没有受到足够的关注从人类文明史中消失或许，在许多人看来这是一种杞人忧天的看法，但是随着普通话的普及，方言在好多人的交际中已经不是首选语言也是不容置疑的事实笔者曾经在自己的家乡做过这样一个简单的实验：在10-30岁之间的人中每隔2岁选择一个人作为被试，共计11人为每一位被试提供一段200字左右的普通话文字材料要求其将所提供的语言材料用方言逐句口述出来然后，又找了50-70岁年龄段的人进行同。