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1、Chapter Five Word Meaning and Componential Analysis 词的意义和成分分析,Meanings of “meaning” Motivation of meaning Types of meaning Components of word meaning,5.1 Word Meaning,What is a word? A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能
2、，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。,1.What is word meaning? linguistic form（sign） cat /kt/ (phonological form) : a small four-legged animal with soft fur and sharp claws cat 猫 Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal (相互的) relation between name and meaning. 词的意义是名称与意思的联系。 Meaning is what the form stands for. Eg: des
3、k: something you sit at and you do your work,2. What is reference（所指关系）? It is the relationship between language and the world.所指关系是语言与客观外界之间的相互关系。 cat 猫 （linguistic sign） referent By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about.通过这种相互关
4、系，说话人指称外界的事物或人。 It is the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. For example, the word tree refers to the object tree.,In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i.e., an object, a phenome
5、non, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful 换言之，只有当语言符号与所指物-物体、现象、人等之间建立某种联系，这个符号才获得意义。 The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. 词与外界事物的这种指称关系是任意的，又是约定俗成的。是高度概括的，是从同类事物中抽象出来的。,3. Wh
6、at is concept? It is the general idea or meaning which is associate with a word or symbol in a persons mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。 Many and much both have the same concept but collocate with different words. diepass away, quarrel - argue （注意词义的感情色彩）,What s the relationship between meaning and concept?,
7、They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Concept is universal to al
8、l men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. But meaning belongs to language, so it is restricted to language use. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.,4. What is sense （语义）? Sense refers to the meaning of meaning. Sense denotes the relatio
9、ns inside the language unlike the reference. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词语相对的位置。,Whats the difference between reference and sense?,Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. 指语言内部的关
10、系。 Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for.,Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has reference. 每个词都有语义，但不一定都有所指。Eg: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer to anything. And words like God, dragon an
11、d phenix refer to imaginary things. ,5.2 Motivation词的理据,What is motivation理据? It refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。 1.Onomatopoeic motivation 2. Morphological motivation 3. Semantic Motivation 4. Etymological motivation,1.Onomatopoeic motivation
12、 拟声理据: Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia（拟声词）. It means the imitation of sounds by sounds. It refers to the words were created by imitating the natural sounds of noises. e.g. squeak by mice, trumpet by elephants （老鼠等）吱吱 ; ； (大象等)吼叫： The
13、elephant trumpeted. 大象吼叫起来。,This is how Browning described the mices action in his poem Pied Piper. And the muttering grew to a grumbling; And the grumbling grew to a might rumbling; And out of the house the rats came tumbling 拟声词音韵响亮，有音乐美，而且形象鲜明，用 来描摹事物使人如闻其声，倍感亲切. 从拟声词的模拟对象来看，可以有三种情况。 一是模拟人的声音， 如；
14、giggle, titter呲呲地笑, murmur喃喃whimper呜咽地说，hiss嘶嘶地说，babble牙牙学语。 （difference：whisper） 二是模拟动物的鸣叫。,英语鸟类动物名叫词汇 Apes gibber. 猿猴叽哩咕噜乱叫。 Bees buzz. 蜜蜂嗡嗡叫。 Birds chirp. 小鸟唧喳叫。 Camels(pigs) grunt. 骆驼咕噜叫。 Cats mew ( purr).猫发出咕噜声。 Cows moo. 牛哞哞叫。 Dogs growl. 狗嗥。 Donkeys heehaw. 驴子叫。 Ducks quack. 鸭子嘎嘎叫。 Frogs croa
15、k. 青蛙哇哇叫。 Geese cackle. 鹅咯咯叫。 Goats bleat.羊咩咩。 Horses neigh. 马嘶鸣。 Hens cluck.母鸡咯咯叫。 Lions roar. 狮子吼叫。 Larks warble. 百灵鸟颤声歌唱 Magpies chatter. 喜鹊唧唧喳喳。Mice squeak.老鼠吱吱叫。 Mosquitoes hum. 蚊子嗡嗡叫。 Owls hoot. 猫头鹰咕咕叫。 Pigeons coo.鸽子咕咕叫。 Snakes hiss. 蛇发出嘶嘶声 Wolves howl. 狼发出长嚎。,三是模拟事物的声音 如:bubble 潺潺地流 splash 哗
16、哗、扑通 clink 叮当作响 tinkle 叮叮当当 clash 金属碰撞声 thump 砰然地响 bang 砰砰作响,2. Morphological motivation形态理据 Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.,When one knows the meanings of the morphemes of bases, one can d
