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1、Review Morphology Word Morpheme word formation,Review Questions,1. How are English consonants classified? 2. How are English Vowels classified?,Chapter 3,Morphology,3.1,Morphology,3.1.1 Word,What is a word?,Bloomfield defined a word as a “minimum free form”, that is the smallest form that can occur
2、by itself. word=sound +meaning Eg. Go-gu + meaning (where to go) Go, goes, going Go as a free form/root,Identification of words 词的特点,Stability Relative uninterruptibility A minimum free form,Classification of words,Variable and invariable words 可变词和不变词 Grammatical words and lexical words 语法词和词汇词 (fu
3、nction words and content words 功能词和实义词) Closed-class words and open-class words 封闭类词和开放类词,Variable and invariable words,Variable words have inflective endings, i.e. part of the word remains constant while the other part changes regularly to fulfill different grammatical functions. happy-happier-happ
4、iest interest-interesting-interested Invariable words, such as since, when, hello, do not have inflective endings.,Grammatical words and lexical words 语法词和词汇词 (function words and content words 功能词和实义词),Grammatical words and lexical words,Grammatical words are those expressing grammatical meanings, l
5、ike conjunctions, prepositions, and pronouns. Lexical words are those having lexical meanings, i.e. referring to substance, action and quality(性质), like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.,Closed-class words and open-class words,1. Open class words: or content words, to which new words can be regu
6、larly added Nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs 2. Closed class words: or “grammatical” or “functional”words, to which new words are not usually added Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns,Numerals cardinal numerals i.e. one, two, one hundred, three millions ordinal numerals i.e. first, seco
7、nd, eighth, twenty-third,Interjection i.e. exclamation, sorrow, surprise, regret, etc. Oh, My God! Dear me!,Lesser categories,Identifying Part of Speech,Huddleston, R (1984). Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press The syntactic category of the word.,For example
8、,The boy ate the mahak. (X) The boy will mahak it. (X) The boy feels very mahak. (V) Describing the part of speech of the word: Mahak is _. a noun; a verb; an adjective,an adjective,The Syntactic Category of the Word,3.1.2 Internal structure of words and rules for word formation 词的内部结构和构词规则,1. Inter
9、nal structure disapprove = dis + approve 2. Rules for word formation 词的内部结构是受规则支配的。 例如，英语里词的否定形式的构成是通过在词首而不是在词尾加 dis 构成的。Disapprove approvedis（）,Definition,Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. 形态学就是指对词的内部结构以及构词规则的研究。 internationally= inte
10、r+nation+al+ly,3.2,Morphemes,1. Definition of Morpheme,The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The smallest meaningful element of language that cannot be reduced to smaller elements. (Bussmann 1996: 313),2. Types of morphemes,1. Affix（词缀）: Collective term for bound format
11、ives or word-forming elements that constitute subcategories of word classes. Affixes are classified according to their placement on the stem.,Types of morphemes,2. Prefix: Morphemes that occur only before other morphemes. (Bound morphemes that precede the stem.) 3. Suffix: Morphemes that only occur
12、after other morphemes.(Bound morphemes that are attached finally to free morpheme constructions),Types of morphemes,4. Free morpheme（自由语素）: Morphemes that can constitute words by themselves. （root，词根） 5. Bound morpheme（粘着语素）: Morphemes that cannot occur “unattached”, but always as parts of words. 6.
13、 Stem（词干）: Morphemes or morpheme constructions on which inflectional endings can appear,Bound morphemes,Prefixes: i.e. un-, dis-, mini-, en-, A. not to change the grammatical categories of the stem. i.e. monologue; dilogue B. to change the lexical categories of the stem. i.e. en-+adj.=v. ensure; ena
14、ble; en-+ n. =v. endanger; encourage;,Bound morphemes,Suffixes: -ly, -ful, -ness, etc. A. to add some grammatical meanings to the stem. i.e. shorter, shortest, Toms book, etc. B. to change the grammatical categories, in in: plurals (two birds); n+-ly=adj. (friendly); adj.+-ly=adv. (badly); n.+-ful=
15、adj. (hopeful) C. not to change the grammatical categories of the stem i.e. n.+ -ly=n. daily; monthly;yearly n.+ -ful=n. handful, mouthful,Bound morphemes,Infixes: i.e. -e- : men, women -i- : mice -ee- : feet, teeth,3.3 Bound Morpheme: Derivational and inflectional morphemes,1. Derivational morpheme
16、 (派生语素): Bound morpheme which change the category or grammatical class of words. 改变意义和/或词性 2. Inflectional morphemes (屈折语素): Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 只有语法改变,morpheme,Free morpheme,Bound morpheme,Inflectional morpheme,Derivational morpheme,-s; s; -ing; -ed; -er; -est; -ess,the form of a prefix or a suffix to create an entirely new word,Root:词根：是去掉所有词缀后
