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1、Sources of Flexibility in Human Cognition: Dual Task Studies of Space and Language,Stephanie Lidd and Jamie Tauber,Linda Hermer-Vasquez, Elizabeth S. Spelke and Alla S. Katsnelson,Human Navigation Abilities,Two unique features Capable of dead reckoning Great flexibility Disorientation Can reorient t
2、hemselves after disorientation How?,Cheng Experiments (1986),Tested rats abilities to find food after disorientation Rats went to the correct corner and the geometric equivalent at equally high rates Despite differences in non-geometric cues (e.g. brightness, pattern, and odor) Conclusion: Rats reor
3、ient in accordance with environment shape (geometric module),Hermer, Spelke: Orientation Abilities in Children (18-24 Months),Similar to Chengs experiment Searched for hidden object in all white room, then room with one blue wall Searched both corners equally in all white room Failed to use non-geom
4、etric property (blue wall) as a way of navigation (like adult rats),Results for Cheng and Hermer &Spelke,Hermer and Spelke: Adult Disorientation,Conducted same experiment using adults Adults checked geometrically equivalent corners in white room Were able to use the blue wall as a way of orienting t
5、hemselves and finding the object (used non-geometric),Hermer (1994): Disorientation in Children (3-7 years),Described position of the object as behind colored wall or to the left or right Children 4+ were successful in describing the objects position behind the wall Children 6+ were able to describe
6、 the position as left or right of the wall,Hermer (1997) Spatial Language in Children 5-7 years,Tested childrens abilities to use spatial language Correlation between spatial language and ability to use non-geometric landmarks to locate objects,Causation Between Spatial Language and Development of S
7、patial Performance Possibilities,Three possibilities Independent, but developmentally linked Depend on a common factor Development of spatial language produces change in spatial relations,Experiment 1,Similar to Chengs Experiment White room and room with a blue wall Tested again in each room with ve
8、rbal shadowing: repeating a tape-recorded prose Non-shadowing conditions had white noise playing Disoriented (spun around) before each trial,Diagram of Chamber Used,Results,Experiment 2A,Visual Experimentation with 3 conditions Rhythmic Verbal: repetition of na Rhythmic Non-verbal: tapping out patte
9、rn Verbal: Repetition of prose Computer program showing grids varying numbers of Ts and target L Subjects had to determine presence or absence of target L,Results,Experiment 2B,Like Experiment One, with modified disorientation for last 8 subjects Results: Non-shadowing subjects produced higher accur
10、acy in recognition Shadowing subjects showed decline in accuracy Subjects searched with high frequencies in correct and geometrically equivalent corners,Experiment 2C,Identical with 2B except with Rhythmic shadowing Results: Shadowing subjects searched the correct corner with higher frequency than t
11、he rotationally equivalent corner Higher accuracy than verbal shadowing Non-shadowing produced same, accurate results,Whats the Difference?,Rhythmic and Verbal were equally distracting, yet rhythmic was more accurate Verbal shadowing may interfere with geometric and non-geometric combination process
12、 or Combination process independent, but verbal shadowing may interfere with their ability to detect or remember the non-geometric landmark,Experiment 3,Verbally shadowing subjects with a simplified version of tests Instead of being hidden to the left or right, was hidden on top of the walls Walls w
13、ere removed from chamber to remove the geometric cues,Results,Subjects located the object with high accuracy Landmark-appropriate search was higher in Experiment 3 than in the verbal shadowing conditions of Experiments 1 and 2b Showed adults used non-geometric cues, despite disorientation,Experiment
14、 4,Like Experiment 3, except the object was placed to the left or right of the wall If verbal shadowing impairs the encoding of non-geometric information only in reorientation tasks, then both subjects should successfully find the object If verbal shadowing impairs the conjoining of geometric and non-geometric information then non-shadowing subjects should find the object but shadowing subjects should not.,Results,Conclusions,Spatial memory system found in children and adult rats is present in adult humans Language plays a role in the conjoining of geometric and non-geometric information,
