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1、Peter Newmark,1. philosophical foundation 2. theoretical development 3. distinction between Newmark and Nida the 8 translation methods References Data analysis,Table of contents,1.The philosophical foundation of Newmarks thinking on translation,Philosophy is a fundamental issue in translation theory
2、. (Newmark, 1981: 6). The American philosopher C. S. Peirce, the founder of semiotics, for communicative translation The meaning of a sign consists of all the effects that may conceivably have practical bearings on a particular interpretant, and which will vary in accordance with the interpretant. (
3、Newmark, 1981: 5),the British philosopher J. Austins distinction between constative and performative sentences Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7) On
4、e of the basic differences between S-T and C-T is on constative and performative. (Newmark, 1981: 23),2. Newmarks theoretical development,SL bias TL bias literal free faithful idiomatic semantic/communicative (Newmark, 1981:39) SL emphasis TL emphasis word-for-word adaptation literal free faithful i
5、diomatic semantic/communicative (Newmark, 1988:45),The 8 translation methods,Word-for-word translation This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out o
6、f context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of a word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process. Literal translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their neare
7、st TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.,Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the
8、TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer. Semantic translation Semantic transl
9、ation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may
10、translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalent and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the seco
11、nd is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original.,Adaptation This is the freeest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL c
12、ulture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have rescued period plays. Free translation Free translati
13、on reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original so-called intralingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.,Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation reproduces
14、the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. (Authorities as diverse as Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, natural translation.) Communicative translation Communicative
15、translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.,The apparent triumph of the consumer is, I think, illusory. The conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on sou
16、rce and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. (Newmark: 1981: 38). The purpose of the change in this period is to narrow down the gap between SL and TL orientation by moving down one level towards the converging tip of the V diagram.,In 1981, Newmarks definition of S-
