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1、Chapter One,Invitations to Linguistics,Pre-reading questions & lead-in,1. What kinds of languages can you speak? 2. What do you think of this current trend of learning English language, such as trainings and various exams? 3. Why do you learn English language? 4. Does language only have verbal forms
2、? 5. What is language? 6. What is linguistics?,1.1,Why study language?,1.1.1 Traditional myths of lg:,(1) Language is only a means of communication. (2) Language has a form-meaning correspondence. (3) The function of language is to exchange information. (4) English is more difficult to learn than Ch
3、inese. (5) Black English is not standard and should be reformed.,Understandings about the myths,1. It is taken for granted that lg is a tool and means for knowledge, information, and communications in life and society. 2. Those myths are only one-sided but not thorough, truthful, or comprehensive.,1
4、.1.2 Some fundamental views about lg,(1) Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. (lg acquisition) (2) Language operates by rules. (syntactics, grammar) (3) All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of
5、semantics. (4) Everyone speaks a dialect.,(5) Language slowly changes. (6) Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons. (7) Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them. (varieties) (8) Writing is derivative of speech. (pictographic-chara
6、cter),ls ,Language vs. linguistics,Lg is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets. (particular) Ls is the scientific study of lg. (general),lg,lg,Why study lg?,1. Language is very essential to human beings. 2. In language there are many things we should know. 3. For further understanding
7、, we need to study language scientifically.,1.2,What is language?,1.2.1 Various definitions of lg,(1) Language “is not to be confused with human speech, of which it is only a definite part, though certainly an essential one. It is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of ne
8、cessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty”. -Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913): Course in General Linguistics (1916),(2) “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of vo
9、luntarily produced symbols.” -Edward Sapir (1884-1939): Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921),(3) “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.” -Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager (1906-1992): Outline of Linguistic Analysis
10、 (1942),(4) “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their total culture.” -George Trager: The Field of Linguistics (1949),(5) “From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in
11、 length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” -Noam Chomsky (1928- ): Syntactic Structures (1957),(6) Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.” -Robert A. Hall (1911-1997): Introducto
12、ry Linguistics (1964),(7) “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” -Ronald Wardhaugh: Introduction to Linguistics (1977) A. system: Elements of lg are combined according to rules eg. map, mpa/ a kind person, a kind pen,B. arbitrary: Theres no intrinsic, natural
13、 and logical connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. eg. dog (symbol-lg-meaning) bark (wang wang wang/ bowwow) C. vocal: Primary medium for all lgs is sound. D. human: Lg is human-specific. eg. parrots: continuous stimulus,(8) “some general theories of lg and lings ana
14、lysis.” -R. H. Robins (1921-2000): General Linguistics (1989),(9) “Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.” -Stuart C. Poole: An Introduction to Linguistics (1999),(10) Lg is a means of verbal communication. It is an instrume
15、ntal communicative act. (purpose) It is social and conventional human interaction. (nonverbal cues, common kg, cultures),In a word, lg is so complicated communicative system with biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors that it distinguishes us from animals. -From our course bo
16、ok (2009),1.2.2 Multimodal discourses,Reflections on the videos: 1. MD: =5 modes of meaning-making: linguistic, visual, gestural, spatial and audio to create texts (words, images, gestures, sounds) 2. Discourse analysis (DA) is a newly branch of ls in the 1950s with the ls turn. (CDA, MDA and PDA),1.3 Design features of language: features that define our human lgs,(1) Arbitrariness (2) Duality (3) Creativity (4) Displacement,1.3.1 Arbitrariness （任意性）,Saussur
