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1、原理2：某一事物的成本是你为了获得它而放弃的东西,LA Laker 的篮球明星 Kobe Bryant 选择放弃上大学，从高中直接进入职业球队，因此他可以赚到成百上千万美元。,人们通过比较边际成本和收益作出决策People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.,原理3: 理性人进行边际思考,边际变动 （Marginal changes） 是对现有行动计划所作出的少量、渐进式的调整.,原理4: 人们会对激励作出反应,Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate p
2、eople to respond. 成本或收益的边际变化促使人们作出反应 The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs! 当替代物的边际收益超过其边际成本时，在许多可变换方案中的选择就出现了。,原理5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off. 交易能够使每个人的状况都有所改善,People gain from their ability to trade wi
3、th one another. 人们从他们相互交易的能力中获益 Competition results in gains from trading. 竞争产生来自交易的收益 Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best. 交易允许人们就自己最擅长的方面进行专业分工。,原理6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity. 市场通常是组织经济活动的良好方式,A market economy is an economy that allocates reso
4、urces through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.市场经济是一种通过许多企业和家庭的分散决策配置资源的经济，与此同时企业和家庭在商品和服务市场上发生相互作用。 Households decide what to buy and who to work for. 家庭决定要购买什么和谁去工作 Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 企业决定雇佣谁和生产什
5、么,原理6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity. 市场通常是组织经济活动的良好方式,Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.” 亚当.斯密观察到家庭和企业在市场上相互作用，就好象有一只“看不见的手”在引导 因为家庭和企业在决定买卖什么时关注价格, 他们在无意中把他们行为的社会成本纳入考虑之中 。 结果，引导决策
6、者们达到倾向于使社会总体福利 最大化的结果。,原理7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes 政府有时能够改善市场结果.,Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. 当市场未能有效地配置资源时，市场失灵就出现了。 When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity. 当市场失灵（失效）时
7、，政府可以通过干预促进效率和公平。,原理7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes 政府有时能够改善市场结果.,Market failure may be caused by 市场失灵有可能是由以下原因引起： an externality, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander. 外部性-一个人或企业的行为对局外人福利的影响。 market power, which is the ability of a
8、 single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. 市场力量-单个人或企业不适当地影响市场结果的能力,Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.,Standard of living may be measured in different ways: By comparing personal incomes. By comparing the total market value of a nations production.,
9、原理8: 生活水平取决于一国的生产,Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities. 生活水平的几乎所有差异都可以用各个国家生产率的差异加以解释。 Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time. 生产率是工人每小时生产出的商品和服务数量,原理8: 生活水平取决于一国的生产,Standard of living m
10、ay be measured in different ways 生活水平可以用不同的方式测度: By comparing personal incomes. 通过比较个人的收入 By comparing the total market value of a nations production. 通过比较一国生产的市场总价值。,原理9: 当政府印制过多的钞票时， 价格就会上升。,Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 通货膨胀是经济中价格总体水平的上升。 One cause of inf
11、lation is the growth in the quantity of money. 通货膨胀的原因之一是货币数量的增加。 When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls. 当政府创造出大量货币时，货币的价值就会下降。,原理10:社会面临着通货膨胀与失业之间 的短期交替关系,菲利普斯曲线（The Phillips Curve） 表明通货膨胀与失业之间的短期交替关系: 通货膨胀 失业 这是一种短期交替关系!,小结,当个人作出决策时, 他们面临着可替换目标之间的交替关系.
12、 任何行动的成本是以失去的机会来测度的. 理性人通过比较边际成本和边际收益作出决策. 人们在对他们所面临的激励作出反应时，会改变他们的行为.,小结,Trade can be mutually beneficial. 交易能够使人们相互或共同获益 Markets are usually a good way of coordinating trade among people.市场通常是协调人们之间交易的良好方式。 Government can potentially improve market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is inequitable. 如果存在着某些市场失灵或者市场结果不公平的现象，政府可以潜在地改善市场结果。,小结,生产率是生活水平的根本来源 Productivity is the ultimate source of living standards. 货币增长是通货膨胀的根本来源 Money growth is the ultimate source of inflation. 社会面临着通货膨胀与失业之间的短期交替关系.,
