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1、,英语语法复习之,独 立 主 格,独立主格结构的基本概念 由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。,II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能 独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。,1、名词或代词主格 + 分词 The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验
2、报告上做记录。 Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。,2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 The clothes very dirty, youd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!,3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式 The last guest to arrive, our pa
3、rty was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。,4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语 Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。,5、名词或代词主格 + 副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离
4、开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。,III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例)。, If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at
5、weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。 When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。,2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作“依着法则“(例)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作“悬垂分词“(例)。 Searching for the thief
6、in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。 When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。,1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有: Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从判断,Supposing 假设,等等。 G
7、enerally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。,2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to m
8、ake matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。 To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。,
