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1、商业银行贷款管理,第五章 商业银行贷款管理,Chapter 15 Credit Policy and Loans Characteristics Chapter 16 Evaluating Commercial Loan Requests Chapter 17 Evaluating Consumer Loans 商业银行法中有关贷款的规定（2003年12月） 贷款通则（征求意见稿）（2004年5月） 商业银行授信工作尽职指引（2004年7月16日） 贷款风险分类指导原则（2001年12月24日） 贷款损失准备计提指引（2002年1月1日） 担保法（1995年10月1日） 个人住房贷款管理办法（
2、1998年5月15日）,Chapter 15 Credit Policy and Loans Characteristics,The Credit Process Business Development and Credit Analysis Credit Execution and Administration Credit Review,The credit process,The fundamental objective of lending is to make profitable loans with minimal risk. Management should target
3、 specific industries or markets in which lending officers have expertise. The somewhat competing goals of loan volume and loan quality must be balanced with the banks liquidity requirements, capital constraints, and rate of return objectives. The credit process relies on each banks systems and contr
4、ols that allow management and credit officers to evaluate risk and return trade-offs.,The credit process,Loan policy: formalizes lending guidelines Credit philosophy: how much risk and the form Credit culture: the fundamental principles Three potentially different credit cultures: Values-driven Curr
5、ent-profit driven Market-share driven The credit process includes three functions Business development and credit analysis Underwriting or credit execution and administration Credit review,Business development and credit analysis,Market research Advertising, public relations Office call programs Obt
6、ain financial statements, borrowing resolution, credit reports. Financial statement and cash flow analysis Evaluate collateral Line officer makes recommendation on accepting/rejecting loan Five Cs of good credit and five Cs of bad credit,Five Cs of good credit,Character: honesty and trustworthiness.
7、 Capital: wealth position measured by financial soundness and market standing. Capacity: legal standing and managements expertise. Conditions: economic environment or industry-specific factors Collateral: secondary source of repayment or security in the case of default.,Five Cs of bad credit,Complac
8、ency: the tendency to assume Carelessness: monitor a borrowers progress and identify problems as early as possible Communication: between management and loan officers Contingencies: failure to identify downside risk Competition: follow competitors behavior rather than maintaining the banks own credi
9、t standards.,Credit execution and administration,Loan committee reviews proposal/recommendation Accept/reject decision made, terms negotiated Loan agreement prepared with collateral documentation Borrower signs agreement, turns over collateral, receives loan proceeds Perfect security interest File m
10、aterials in credit file Process loan payments, obtain periodic financial statements, call on borrower.,Credit review,Review loan documentation Monitor compliance with loan agreement: Positive and negative loan covenants; Delinquencies in loan payments; Discuss nature of delinquency or other problems
11、 with borrower. Institute corrective action Modify credit terms Obtain additional capital, collateral, guarantees Call loan,Chapter 16 Evaluating Commercial Loan Requests,Fundamental Credit Issues Character of the Borrower and Quality of Data Provided Use of Loan Proceeds Loan Amount The Primary Sou
12、rce and Timing of Repayment Collateral Evaluating Credit Request: A Four-Part Process Overview of Management, Operations, and the Firms Industry Common Size and Financial Ratio Analysis Cash Flow Analysis Financial Projections Risk-Classification Scheme,Fundamental credit issues,Regardless of the ty
13、pe of loan, all credit requests mandate a systematic analysis of the borrowers ability to repay. When evaluating loan requests, bankers can make two types of errors in judgment. Extending credit to a customer who ultimately defaults. Denying a loan to a customer who ultimately would repay the debt.
14、In both cases, the bank loses a customer and its profits are less.,Five fundamental issues,Five fundamental issues Character and data quality Use of loan proceeds Loan amount Source and timing of repayment Collateral In addition to these issues, credit analysis should examine risks that are unique t
15、o each loan. Quality of mgt; the soundness of the business; sensitivity to economic conditions; the firms relationship with other creditors; etc.,Character and quality of data,The foremost issue in assessing credit risk is determining a borrowers commitment and ability to repay debts. An individuals
16、 honesty, integrity, and work ethic typically evidence commitment. For a business, commitment is evidenced by the owners and senior management. Whenever there is deception or a lack of credibility, a bank should not do business with the borrower. It is often difficult to identify dishonest borrowers. The best indicators are the borrowers financial history and personal references. Audited financial data.,Use of loan proceeds,Loan proceeds should be used for legitimate busines
