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1、第七章 定语从句的翻译,一般地，定语从句的翻译有合译法、分译法和混译法。在这里，我们主要详细介绍合译法和分译法。 一、合译法：合译法通常用于句式较短的情况，主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，一般将其译成“的”字结构，有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分或带有“这”字句的简单句。 1译成定语“的”字结构 这是最为常见的一种英译汉的方式，翻译成中文时，将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。 例1：He is not the one who will give up easily. 译文：他不是一个轻易服输的人。 例2：Our two countries are neighbors whose f
2、riendship is of long standing. 译文：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。,2译成谓语,当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“there be结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“it be +主语+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语，因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。 例1：There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 译文：在那群人中，有的人每天都站在那里，站了一个月。 例2：There have been good results in the ex
3、periments that have given him grate encouragement. 译文：实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。 另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。 例1： We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own. 译文：我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国的不一样。 例2：We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identifi
4、cation of national identity. 译文：我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。,3译成兼语句的一部分,当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时，就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。 例1：I need someone who can instruct me in my English study. 译文：我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。 例句2：When I passed by, I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife. 译文：当我经过时，我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架
5、。,4译成连动式的一部分,为了行文方便，有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语的表达习惯。 例1：He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly. 译文：他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。 例2： We will send the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education. 译文：我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。 5译成“这”字句 有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代
6、先行词，它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”。 例1：He admired Mrs. Brown, which surprises me most. 译文：他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。 例2：She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 译文：她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。,二、分译法：分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一般采用主句在前，从句在后的翻译形式，将句子翻译成
7、两个相对独立的小分句。 严格地说，合译法中的第5点（译成“这”字句）也属于这种翻译方法。 1译出关系代词或关系副词 根据逻辑的需要，在翻译前，我们首先应该弄清关系词所指代的内容，进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。 例1: He has learned French, which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world. 译文：他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。 例2: This is a college of science and technology, the students of which are traine
8、d to be engineers or scientists. 译文：这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。,另外，在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首，而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译为后置型的并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句的内容。 例1: She suddenly thought of her husband, who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of. 译文：他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。 例2: The men suddenly aw
9、akened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet. 译文：以前，它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。,2不翻译关系代词或关系副词 有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但在意义上却已经和主句融为了一体。在翻译时，应该将引导定语从句的关系词省略，从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。 例1: After dinner, the fou
10、r key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 译文：晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。 例2: His wife, Betty, is Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book “Moon”, tells of her sisters life in China. 译文：他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，八岁离开中国，写过本名叫月的书，记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。,3译成
11、相对独立的小分句 有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。 例1: One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. 译文：有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。 例2: Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate. 译文：不过
12、问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算是很精确的。,4. 译成状语从句,例1： These actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause. 译文：这些行动，虽已激起普遍而毫不掩饰的反对，却也使我们举棋不定。（表让步） 例2： In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 译文：在两国发生争端时，如与该两国皆友好，则应避免卷入。
13、（表条件）。 例3：Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity , offers very little resistance. 译文：铜的电阻很小，因此被广泛用于输电。（表结果） 例4： Chaplin, whose mother was ill for many years, had to dance in streets to earn money. 译文：由于母亲病了好多年，卓别林不得不到街头表演去挣钱。（表示原因）,例5：But the Southern States wanted to set up a coun
14、try of their own, where they would be free to keep black slaves. 但是南方各州却想建立他们自己的国家，以便在那里他们可以随心所欲地继续把黑人当作奴隶。（表示目的） 例6：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. 译文：他做了一架望远镜，使他能够研究天空。（表示结果） 例7： Anyone who wants to can go for a walk. 译文：谁想去散步就可以去。（表示条件） 例8： He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for. 译文： 他坚持再买一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。（表示让步）,
