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1、语法复习- 句子成分,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,二）主语：,主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。（但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。） 主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、和主语从句等表示。例如：,Three plus two is five. It is a great pleasure to swim in the river Smokin
2、g does harm to the health. There are many students in my class. Are you a student? Here comes the bus. He can do it and so can I . Who will attend the meeting has not been decided. （主语从句）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（三）谓语,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He pr
3、actices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. 2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.,谓语 体现时态和语态。 时态 现在时： 一般现在时: 现在进行时: 现在完成时: 现在完成进行时:,过去时: 一般过去时: 过去进行时: 过去完成时： 过去将来时：,将来时: 一般将来时: 将来进行时: 将来完成
4、时:,语态,Is /am/are+-或does/do,Is/am/are+doing,Has/have +done,Has/have+been+doing,Was/were+-或did,Was/were+doing,Had+done,Would/should+do,Shall/will+do,Shall/will+be+doing,Shall/will+have+done,Is/am/are+,Is /am/are+being+,Has/have+been+,-,Was/were+,Was/were+being+,Had+been+,Would/should+be+,Shall/will+be
5、+,-,Shall/will+have+been+,done,（与非谓语比较）,He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are students.,非谓语动词,to do to have done to be doing to be done to have been done ,doing having done done being done having be
6、en done,She found the door closed. 2. Having been told many times, he made the same mistake. 3. Given more time, we could do it much better. 4. Walking on the street ,he came across his former teacher. 5. The meeting being held is very important. 6. A big fire broke out in a shop, causing 100 deaths
7、.,（四）表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动词ing、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.The weather has turned cold. 2. The speech is exciting.,3. His job is to teach English. 4. The meeting is of great importance. 5. Time is up. The class i
8、s over. 6. The truth is that he has never been abroad.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,5.He pretended not to
9、see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（不定式短语）,（动词ing短语）,（宾语从句）,（六）宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。 宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They pain
10、ted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We often hear the song sung by him. 7.We found everything in the lab in good order. 8.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词
11、短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city. 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country. 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the
12、 classroom. 6.He is reading an article about how to learn English. 7.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.,（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ： 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed t
13、he national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane. 5.Once you begin, you must continue.,（分词短语）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six? when I come back. 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. because it
14、 rained. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. where we once lived. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. As I do.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work hard
15、er. In order that he can catch with the others 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old. 9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： 1.This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. 2. Many s
16、tudents, about 60, are in my class. 3.The fact that our team won the game has been known to all. （十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如： To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,句子成分详解表,第一种：S+Vi (主语+谓语动词) 第二种：S+Vt+O (主语+谓语动词+宾语) 第三种：S+V+P (主语+连系动词+表语) 第四种：S+Vt+InO+DO (主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) 第五种：S+Vt+O+OC (主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语),基本句型汉译英练习
