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1、第三章 形合与意合Hypotactic vsParatactic,第三章 形合与意合Hypotactic vsParatactic一、英语的形合法 1、关系词和连接词 2、介词 3、其他连接手段二、汉语的意合法 1、语序 2、反复、排比、对偶、对照等 3、紧缩句 4、四字格三、英汉互译,形合：词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。,Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship
2、of clauses with connectives. e.g.: I shall despair if yon dont come. Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. e.g.: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.,英语造句主要采用形合法。 汉语造句主要采用意合法。,一、英语的形合法英语造句注重显性接应(overt cohesi
3、on)、句子形式、结构完整、以形显义英语句中的连接手段和形式(cohesive ties) 不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁,coherence （连贯）：the relationships which link the meanings of UTTERANCES in a DISCOURSE or of the sentences in a text. 连接语篇中话语的意义或语段中句子的意义的关系。These links may be based on the speakers shared knowledge. For example - A: Could you give me a
4、 lift home? B: Sorry, Im visiting my sister. There is no grammatical or lexical link between As question and Bs reply, but the exchange has coherence because both A and B know that Bs sister lives in the opposite direction to As home.,cohesion （连结）：the grammatical and/or lexical relationships betwee
5、n the different elements of a text. This may be the relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. 语段中不同部分之间的语法和或词汇关系，这种联系可能存在于一个句子中不同部分之间。For example: 1. A: Is Jenny coming to the party? B: Yes, she is. There is a link between Jenny and she and also between iscom
6、ing and is. 2. If you are going to London, I can give you the address of a good hotel there. the link is between London and there.,1、关系词和连接词关系词，如 who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how 等连接词， 如 and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either (n)or , when, while, as, since, u
7、ntil, so-that, unless, lest 等 英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。,译例 1 All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 译文： 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,译例 2 It had been a fine, golden autumn, a
8、 lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 译文： 那是个天气睛朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。,2、介词:简单介词，合成介词，成语介词with, to, in, of ,about, between, throughinside, onto, upon, within
9、, without, throughoutaccording to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, on behalf of, with regard to 英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则 常常不用或省略介词。,译例 3 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 译文： 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。译例 4 Power can be transmitted over a great distance
10、 with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current. 译文： 电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。,3、其他连接手段 如形态变化形式，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系(grammatical and notional concord)，广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系，以及使用 “it” 和 “there” 作替补词(expletives)起连接作用等等。,译例 5 He boasts
11、 that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day. 译文： 他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。,译例 6 They would have had to live the rest of their live
12、s under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and con-ceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 译文： 他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名，人们会说他们贸然采取行动，使最高级会议遭到搁浅，而且，可以设想，还可能挑起了一场核战争。,英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段，把各种成分连接起来，构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。,二、汉语的意合法汉语造句
13、少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多：没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词；介词数量少，大约只有30个，而且大多是从动词“借”来的。如“在”、“向”、“进”、“到”、“沿”、“过”、“从”、“为”、“给”、“用”、“拿”、“依”等，原均为动词。 介词和连词常常可以省略，甚至不用，尤其是口语，用了反而显得多余。汉语没有词的形态变化，没有it和there这类替补词，代词也用得较少，重意合而不重形合，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。,
14、汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段：1、语序汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。从句若前置，一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、“即使”等含义。据统计，汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时，不用关联词。先“因”后“果”，几乎不用“因为”，属常态；先“果”后“因”，大多用“因为”，属变态。,译例 7 （因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。译文： Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. 译例 8 我不能信任她，因为她不老实。译文 I cant trust her, because she is not honest.,译例
15、9 人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。译文： We will not attack unless we are attacked. 译例 10 说是说了，没有结果。（= 我虽然说了，但是没有结果。）译文： Ive made proposals, but they proved futile.,2、反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。,译例 11 他不来，我不去。（如果他不来，我就不去。）译文： If he wont come here, Ill not go there.译例 12 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。译文： As you sow, so will you reap.,3、紧缩句这类意合句式是由复句紧缩而成的。 “紧”，就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起； “缩”，就是压缩，是略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。 句式简明紧凑，分句之间的语法关系和逻辑联系往往是隐含的。,
