Translation Principles Unit 2,Teaching Contents: Principles of translation Factors of translation Process of translation Teaching Aims: To teach students the theory of translation. Teaching Focus: The principles of the translation Teaching Methods: Discussion Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures,Teaching Plan,1. What are the principles of translation? George Campbell, the English translator’s principle:,The first thing…is to give a just representation of the sense of the original…The second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes, the author’s spirit and manner…The third and last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of an original performance, as to appear natural and easy. (首先，准确地再现原作的意思；第二，在符合译作语言特征的前提下，尽可能地移植作者的精神和风格；第三，也是最后，使译作至少具有原创作品的特性，显得自然流畅。
),Alexander F. Tyler’s principle:,a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. (一、译作应完全复写出原作的思想；二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三、译作应具备原创作品的通顺),,他们都以“忠实”为大前提，要求译文从三个方面中忠实于原作：一是忠实地传达原作的内容，二是忠实地展示原作的风格，三是忠实地体现原创作品的通顺Yan Fu’s principle on translation:,The so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”.,“信”：严复认为译文应该抓住全文要旨，对于词句可以有所颠倒增删，只要不失原意，不必斤斤计较词句的对应和顺序。
“达”：严复认为达很重要只信而不达，译了等于没译只有做到达，才能做到信要做到达，译者必须首先认真通读全文，做到融会贯通，然后进行翻译为了表达原意，可以在词句方面作必要的调整改动 “雅”：严复认为译文要雅，否则没有人看雅主要是指古雅，要采用汉代以前使用的古文对此很多人有不同看法，不能脱离原文片面追求雅，如果原文不雅，译文怎么能雅？况且，严复主张的是古雅，即用古文进行翻译，这是不可取的2. The principle the author put forward:,Generally speaking, two criteria are very important: the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness/fluency (通顺/流畅). By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness/fluency, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.,examples: 【例1】 Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm. 公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力的、健康的作用。
【译文】 舆论在政治领域起着极其重要的、有益的作用 【例2】 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大多数人并不意识到这一点 【译文】 职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足两类问题： 一类是译文语义基本符合原文，但汉语表达有欠正确； 另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性，但译文语义不符原文Exercises: 1.For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign -- to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York. 纳特·纳卡萨不得不发誓离开祖国，不管情况如何永不返家，并自杀于纽约 【译文】 对纳特·纳卡萨来说，要他签字保证离开祖国永不返回是难以接受的：他在纽约自杀了 2.In the wake of his mother's death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it. 在他母亲去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次历险奇遇，并试图写一部小说。
【译文】 大约36年过后，在他母亲去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的险情，并试图就此写一部小说What are the highest and lowest criteria for translation?,The highest standard: To make the readers of the target language have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness. (最高标准: 达到基本相同的感受, 包括达意、传神、入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容、风格神韵而且自然流畅，读起来不象是译本） The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth. (最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准忠实原文，表达通顺，达意),2. How to apply these principles in translation?,A translator should pay attention to the following: 1) Represent the content of the original: (再现原作的思想内容) To convey the content and ideas of the original work completely. Try to avoid wrong translation and missing translation. Besides try to be careful with the tones and the distribution of the emphasis of the original work.,For examples: Do you see any green in my eyes? 你认为我幼稚可欺吗？ His grandfather is physically weak, but mentally sound. 他祖父身体虽然虚弱，但是精神尚佳。
（不能译成思想健康） He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankles. 他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动.（英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮与否的标准之一2) Represent the expressions of the original work: (再现原作的表现手法) Try to use different methods to express the original meaning according to the content, such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, etc. to keep the original style. For examples: Gentlemen like him carry only large note. 只有象他那样的人才拿大票子讽刺）,Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for or。