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1、Grammar,Infinitive,不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,否定式：,not / never to do,(1) 不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作几乎同时发生或在其后发生。,(2) 不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。,eg: I hope to meet you again.,eg: She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.,一、不定式的时态：,二、不定
2、式所充当的成分：,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语，但不能单独作谓语。,1. 作主语： (1) 不定式直接作主语.书P83/1,eg: 学好英语并不容易。,To learn English well is not easy.,(3) 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,eg: Im glad to have seen your father.,(2) 为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，真正主语(不定式)放句末。,eg: To learn English well is not easy. =,It is not easy to learn English
3、 well.,eg: It is good for our health to do more exercise. =,To do more exercise is good for our health.,注意区别：,to do作主语表示： v-ing作主语表示：,某个特定的、具体的,将来的动作,抽象的、习惯性，经常性的动作,(3) 疑问词+to do作主语,eg: Where to go has not been decided yet.,eg: How to use the computer is a question.,eg: Walking after supper is helpf
4、ul. eg: To walk in the street this evening will be nice.,(2)不定式作宾语时，如果还带有宾语 补足语，往往用it作形式宾语, 而把不定式宾语(真正宾语)放在宾语补足语之后。,2. 作宾语： (1) 不定式直接作宾语(固定搭配),eg: begin to do, want to do, forget to do, like to do, decide to do, ask to do,eg: It began to rain when I got home.,形宾,宾补,真宾,eg: I find it interesting to wo
5、rk with him.,这类v.有: think, feel, find, make, consider,(4) 不定式作介词宾语:,eg: I have no choice but to stay here. eg: He did nothing last night but repair his bike.,(3) 疑问词+to do作宾语,eg: I dont know how to get there.,前面有do,后面不要to,3. 作宾语补足语： (固定搭配),eg: He asked me to do the work with him.,宾语,宾补,(1) 动词不定式作宾补，
6、实际上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的能接动词不定式作宾补的v.有：want, ask, wish, tell, get, teach, encourage等。,注意：,(2) 在“ 五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”，即make, let, have, keep, leave, look at, see, watch, listen to, hear, notice, find, feel, observe动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补。,eg: His mother makes him sweep the floor every day.,宾语,不带to的不定式作宾补,注：这些v
7、.用于被动语态时，不定式必须带to,eg: He was made to sing an English song at the party.,4. 作表语: (放在系动词后面),eg: 她的工作是照顾孩子。,Her work is to look after the babies.,eg: To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 (主语为不定式，表语也用不定式),5. 作定语: (动词不定式作定语，需放在被修饰的n.之后),eg: I have quite a lot of homework to do.,eg: He appears to have caught a col
8、d.,All you have to do is finish the job quickly.,eg: 你要干的事就是尽快做完这份工作.,注意：,(1) 作定语的不定式如果是vi. ，或者不定式所修饰的n.或pron.是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。书P6/3,eg：He is looking for a room to live in ,eg: 没什么可担心的。,There is nothing to worry about,eg: Please give me a knife to cut with,vi.,(room是不定式动作的地点),请给我把刀子来切东西。(k
9、nife是工具),(2) 用来修饰有序数词，最高级或no, all, any, 一定要用不定式。,eg: Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.,特例：但是如果不定式所修饰的n.是time, place或way时，不定式后的介词习惯上要省去。,eg: I have no place to live. 我没地方住。,试比较：eg: Have you anything to send?,(3) 作定语的不定式所修饰的n.或pron.是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。,
10、你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you),你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),Have you anything to be sent?,6. 作状语: (表示目的，原因，结果),eg. I came here to see you eg: We were very excited to hear the news eg: He hurried to the school to find nobody there .,(目的),(原因),(结果),(1) 目的状语还可以用in order
11、 to, so as to(不用于句首)来表示 。,eg: In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard.,eg: We ran all the way so as not to be late 为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。,(2) 结果状语还可以用too.to., such/so.as to., enough to., only to.(意料之外的结果),eg: Is your brother old enough to join the army? 你弟弟到参军的年龄了吗？,eg: The tea is too hot to drink.,(3
12、) 作原因状语。书P84/3,only doing(意料之中的结果),(4) 不定式也可以在表语形容词后面作状语。 eg: I am very glad to hear it. 听见这事我很高兴。 The question is difficult to answer 这个问题难回答。,7. 作独立成分,eg: To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you. 说实话，我不同意你的观点。,(1) 不定式修饰的n.或pron.和不定式构成逻辑上主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。 eg: I havent got a key to unlock the do
13、or? 我没有钥匙开门。,三、不定式的语态：,1. 不定式的主动语态：,常用的这类短语有：to be frank(坦白地说)，to be exact(确切地说)，to begin with(首先)，to make a long story short(长话短说),(2) 不定式和它前面被修饰的n.或pron.构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式. eg: I have got a letter to write eg: He needs a room to live in,句子的主语,被修饰的n.,作定语的不定式(主动),(3) 不定式作表语形容词的状语
14、，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.,eg: He is hard (for me) to talk to eg: The book is difficult (for me) to understand,2. 不定式的被动语态：,(1) 动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者，一般使用不定式的被动语态。,eg: The book was said to have been translated into many languages.,(2) 如果强调句中的承受者，则用不定式的被动态。,eg: The bag
15、 is too heavy to be lifted.,3. 在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。,eg: There is a lot of work to do.,eg: There is a lot of work to be done.,(Somebody has to do the work.),(The work has to be done.),请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的： There is nothing to do There is nothing to be done,无
16、事可做，感到十分乏味。,某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。,四、省略不定式符号to的情况：,1. 在“ 五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”，即make, let, have, keep, leave, look at, see, watch, listen to, hear, notice, find, feel, observe动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补。,2. 在would rather/ would sooner/ had rather/ had sooner. than, rather than等结构的than之后用不带to的不定式。,eg: He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.,eg: I would rather go than stay.,3. 在以why/ why not引导的疑问句中不带to.,eg: Why worry about it?,eg: Why not do it right now?,
