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1、Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis 语篇分析,Major contents,1.Discourse and discourse analysis 2.Information structure 3. Cohesion and coherence 4.Discourse markers 5.Conversational analysis 6. Critical analysis,1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,Discourse Language above the sentence or above the clause. (Stub
2、bs,1983:1) Text linguistics/ discourse analysis written spoken Used interchangeably now,1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,Discourse analysis Discourse linguistics/ discourse studies/ text analysis The study of how sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units such as paragra
3、phs, conversations, interviews, etc. p168,1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,Language in use Pragmatics: meaning Discourse analysis: information structure Most powerful instrument: Functional Systemic Grammar,1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,Fertilizers put back what the rain and plants take away.
4、 Plastic pots are not just substitutes for clay ones. Pears are a little more temperamental than apples. Supporting and training are not quite the same thing. ,1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,Pick up a handful of soil in your garden. Ordinary, unexciting earth. Yet it is one of Natures miracles,
5、and one of her most complex products. Your success as a gardener will largely depend upon its condition, so take the first bold step in gardening - get to know your soil. ,1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,A primary task of DA is to explore the linguistic features which characterize discourse. The
6、goal of DA is to examine how reader or user of a discourse recognizes that parts of a discourse are dependent on others. One of the most important features of discourse is cohesion (衔接),1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis,Topics of DA: Information structure(信息结构) Cohesion(衔接) Coherence(连贯) Discourse
7、makers(话语标记语) Conversational analysis(会话分析),2 Information Structure,How do language users arrange information within discourse? 2.1 Given and new information Alice: Who ate the bread? Tom : Mary ate the bread. Given information: known to the addressee New information: unknown to the addressee.,2.1 G
8、iven and new information,Given information can be introduced by one speaker alone: A man called while you were on your break. He said hed call back later. Given information can be something closely related to the mentioned information (e.g. meronymy) （部分-整体关系） Kent returned my car last night after b
9、orrowing it for the day. One of the wheels was about to fall off and the dashboard was missing.,2.1 Given and new information,Forms of N/G information: New-information carriers usually receive more stress, and they are commonly more elaborated, e.g. with a full noun phrase, relative clause or adject
10、ival modifier(s). E.g. When I entered the room, there was a tall man with an old-fashioned hat on, quite elegantly dressed.,2.1 Given and new information,Given information is expressed in shorter forms (pronouns/ unstressed noun phrase/omitted): A: Who ate the apple? B: Mary did./ Mary.,2.2 Topic an
11、d comment 话题和述题,Topic话题: what the utterance is about. Comment述题: what is said about the topic. Topic is the element of a sentence that functions as the center of attention. Topic is usually the subject, noun phrase. Mary ate the bread.,2.2 Topic and comment,Other elements can take the role too. Afte
12、r tea, will you tell me a story. Mark the topic Place topic in the initial position in English. A beautiful dress she did make. Topic is not necessarily a property of the sentence; it may be a property of the discourse context: Oh, look!,2.2 Topic and comment,Topic-comment vs. given-new information
13、Given-new information: the point of view of the listener. Topic-comment relates to that of the speaker. The given element is that which the speaker presents as already being known to the listener. The topic element represents what the utterance is about.,2.2 Topic and comment,Given information is no
14、t always the topic. Mary ate the bread. As for her little sister, she drank the Coca-Cola. new/ topic Peter didnt believe anything the charlatan said. As for Mary, she believed everything he said. given/ comment,2.2 Topic and comment,Topic-comment vs. rheme-theme Rheme-theme: sentence Topic-comment:
15、 discourse Rheme-theme: concrete sentence structure (linguistic form) Topic-comment: abstract information structure Mikes house was so comfortable and warm! He really didnt want to leave, but he couldnt afford the rent, you know. And it had such a nice garden in the back!,2.2 Topic and comment,Topic
16、s are not so important to the grammar of English. There is only one grammatical structure which marks topics in English. As for me, Im gonna go to bed. Other languages have special forms to mark the topic (Japanese, Korean) Chinese marks topics by word order: 作业终于做完了！,2.2 Topic and comment,In English, marking the topic of a sentence is far less important than marking the subject. There are special forms to indicate the subject: She looks at him.,2.3 Con
