1. Elemental Analysis 元素分析 l Atomic absorption spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱 l Atomic absorption spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱 l Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 俄歇电子能谱 l Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 电子探针微分析 l Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) 化学分析电子能谱 l Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 能量色散谱 l Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) l X-ray fluorescence X射线荧光 l MAPK信号中分子转位 2. Molecular and Solid State Analysis 分子与固态分析 l Chromatography 色谱 l l gas chromatography (GC) 气相色谱 l l size exclusion chromatography (SEC) 体积排除色谱 l Electron diffraction 电子衍射 l Electron microscopy l l scanning electron microscopy (SEM), l l transmission electron microscopy (TEM) l Scanning TEM (STEM)] 电子显微镜 l Electron spin resonance (ESR) 电子自旋共振 l Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 红外光谱 l Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 红外光谱 l Mass spectrometry 质谱 l Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 红外光谱 l Mass spectrometry 质谱 l Mercury porosimetry 压汞法 l Mossbauer spectroscopy 穆斯堡尔谱 l Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 核磁共振 l Neutron diffraction 中子衍射 l Optical microscopy 光学显微镜 l Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) 旋光色散 l Raman spectroscopy 拉曼光谱 l Rutherford back scattering (RBS) 卢瑟福背散射 l Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) 小角 X射线散射 l Thermal analysis 热分析 l l differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 差示扫描量热计法 l l thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 热 -重分析 l l differential thermal analysis (DTA) 微分热分析 l l temperature desorption spectroscopy (TDS) 升温脱附 l l thermomechanical analysis (TMA) 热机械分析 l UV spectroscopy 紫外光谱 l l X-ray techniques X射线技术 l l X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) x 射线光电子能谱 l l X-ray diffraction (XRD) x 射线衍射 l l X-ray emission, x 射线发射 l l X-ray absorption x 射线吸收 3. Surface Characterization Techniques 表面表征技术 l Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 电子能量损失谱 l Ellipsometry 椭圆偏振术 l Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)扩展 X射线吸收精细结构 l Helium (or atom) diffraction l Lateral (or frictional) force microscopy (LFM) 横向（摩擦）力显微镜 l Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) 低能电子衍射 l Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) 磁力显微镜 l Near-edge x-ray adsorption fine structure 近边 X射线吸收精细结构 l Near field scanning 近场扫描 l Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) 反射高能电子衍射 l Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 扫描隧道显微镜 l Scanning force microscopy (SFM) 扫描力显微镜 l Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) 二次离子质谱 l Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) 表面增强拉曼光谱 l Surface extended x-ray adsorption fine structure (SEXAFS) 表面扩展 X射线吸收精细结构 l Surface force apparatus 表面力仪器 。