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1、Finance and economics财经商业Free exchange自由交易The great trailblazer伟大的开拓者Economists everywhere should mourn the passing of Gary Becker世界各地的经济学家都该对加里贝克尔的离世表示哀悼IF THERE is one person to blame for economists habit of opining on everything, it is Gary Becker, who died on May 3rd.经济学家们习惯于对一切事情都发表意见，若要将这嗜好归功于
2、一人，这个人便是已于 2014 年 5 月 3 日辞世的加里贝克尔。Not content with studying the worlds economies, he was the first prominent economist to apply economic tools to all aspects of life.不满足于仅仅研究世界经济，贝克尔是第一个将经济学方法应用到生活各个方面的著名经济学家。His revelation was the sort that seems obvious only in hindsight:他揭示了那些事后似乎才一目了然的事：that peo
3、ple are often purposeful and rational in their decisions, whether they are changing jobs, taking drugs or divorcing their spouses.无论是换工作，嗑药或与配偶离婚，人们往往是有目的、理性地做出决定。This insight, and the work that followed from it, earned him a Nobel prize in 1992.正是由于此种见解以及其后一系列围绕它的研究，贝克尔赢得了 1992 年的诺贝尔经济学奖。No less an
4、 eminence than Milton Friedman declared in 2001 that Mr Becker was the greatest social scientist who has lived and worked in the last half-century.声名卓著的米尔顿弗里德曼在 2001 年称贝克尔是过去的半个世纪以来最伟大的社会科学家，他完全担得起这个评价。At the heart of Mr Beckers work was the view that individuals maximise welfare as they conceive it
5、.贝克尔研究的核心是认为个体总是最大化他们自己所认为的个人福利。Welfare need not mean income; it could derive from the pleasure of altruism or the thrill of deviancy.福利不一定意味着收入，它可能源自利他主义的满足感或越轨的快感。But critically, this thesis implied that people respond to incentivesa realisation that opened the door to insights across the whole ra
6、nge of human activity.但关键的是，这个论题暗指人们会对激励做出回应这个认知为全方位地洞悉人类活动打开了一扇门。Mr Becker first used this approach in his doctoral study of discrimination, a raw issue in 1950s America.贝克尔在其博士生涯研究歧视问题时第一次使用这种方法，歧视问题在 20 世纪 50 年代的美国还未受到重视。At the time economists models assumed that employers cared only about produc
7、tivity, whatever the colour of the worker.当时经济学家的模型假定雇主只关心生产率，而不管工人的肤色如何。Shunting this view aside, Mr Becker instead assumed that many individuals had a taste for discrimination,抛开这一观点，贝克尔代之以假设许多人有歧视偏好，and perceived themselves to be worse off when forced to work alongside people of other races.被迫与其他
8、种族的人一起工作人们会感觉很糟糕。He then explored how this preference affected labour markets.然后他探讨了这种偏好如何影响劳动力市场。In America, where the black population was roughly one-tenth of the total,在美国，黑人数量占其总人口约十分之一，discrimination against blacks led to relatively small reductions in white incomes but far more substantial on
9、es for black workers.对黑人的歧视导致白人工人收入相对削减较小而黑人工人的工资却较大幅度下降。In South Africa, with a far higher proportion of blacks, discrimination brought much larger reductions in incomes across the economy.在南非，黑人占比较高，歧视使整个经济体的收入更大幅度的下挫。Mr Becker pointed out that although competition from more rational firms might g
10、radually eliminate corporate discrimination, market forces alone would rarely erode discrimination rooted in the tastes of workers or consumers.贝克尔指出，虽然那些来自更理性的公司的竞争可能逐步消除企业歧视，但仅仅依靠市场力量很难削弱根植于工人或消费者偏好中的歧视。His book on the subject, The Economics of Discrimination, became the foundation for subsequent
11、research.他探讨这一问题的书籍歧视经济学为后续研究奠定了基础。Mr Beckers restless mind then focused on crime.思维活跃的贝克尔紧接着专注于犯罪领域。He became intrigued after weighing the odds and cost of getting a parking ticket, and deciding to risk it.在比较了停车罚单的收益和成本并决定冒险违章停车后，这个问题引起了他的兴趣。He looked sceptically on the view, common at the time, t
12、hat crime was simply deviant behavioura form of mental illness.按照当时流行的观点，犯罪只是简单的越轨行为，贝克尔对此表示怀疑。At least some of it, he reckoned, sprang from a rational consideration of perceived costs and benefits.他认为，至少部分犯罪是源自权衡成本和收益后的理性考量。Moral norms might inhibit some individuals from breaking the law, but other
13、s would overcome their qualms when the return to criminal activity was high,道德准则可能会约束某些人不要去违法乱纪，但若犯罪活动回报颇高，or the likely punishment mild.或潜在处罚轻微时，其他人还是会将诸般疑虑抛诸脑后的。Such calculations would apply, he argued, across a wide variety of crimes, from parking scofflaws to corporate fraudsters.他认为这种方式也适用于衡量各种
14、不同的犯罪，从违章停车到企业诈骗。Mr Becker puzzled over why crime was economically costly.贝克尔对犯罪为何在经济上代价高昂感到困惑。Part of the answer, he realised, was that it represents rent-seeking:他意识到部分原因在于犯罪是一种寻租行为：fighting over the spoils of productive activity rather than creation of new wealth.争食生产活动的战利品，而非创造新的财富。Resources inv
15、ested in commission of crimes might otherwise have gone towards growth-boosting activity.否则，实施犯罪投入的资源本可用来促进生产活动。His work contributed to new crime-fighting methods.他的研究成果为新的打击犯罪的方式做出了贡献。He reckoned there is an optimal amount of crime in society, since it makes little sense to pay huge sums to wipe ou
16、t illegal activity carrying low social costs.贝克尔认为，由于支付巨额资金以杜绝低社会成本的非法活动意义不大，社会上的犯罪有着最优量。Where enforcement is patchy, governments might still deter misbehaviour by increasing the severity of the punishmentby raising fines, say.凡执法存在漏洞的地方，政府仍可能通过加大惩罚力度以震慑不端行为比如增加罚金。Mr Becker was again a pioneer, alongside his Columbia University colleague Jacob Mincer, in developing the concept of human capital,贝克尔与其哥伦比亚大学的同事雅各布明赛尔一起发展了人力资本的概念，the investments individuals make in their
