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1、专题一 阅读理解,阅读理解篇,第三讲 主旨大意类,第一部分,主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。,题 型 特 点,一、主旨大意题常见的命题方式 1What is the best title for this passage? 2Which of the following can be the best title for the
2、passage? 3Whats the main idea of the text? 4The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_. 二、主旨大意题正确选项的特征 1涵盖性强，覆盖全文。 2确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。,解 题 流 程,叮嘱考生：永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题目时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。 第一步 确定文章
3、的主题词 通过文章阅读和其他题目的解答，确定文章的主题词。文章通常围绕主题词展开，主旨题的正确答案当然要包括文章主题词或主题词的同义改写词。,第二步 确定文章的主题句 主题句常处的四种位置： 1首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。 2文章中间或段落中间给出中心。 3文章末段或段落末句对全文进行总结归纳。 4文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结， 自己推出主旨。,主题句通常具有下面一些特征： 1举例子的句子不是主题句，前后句可能是主题句。 2问句不是主题句，回答句可能是主题句。 3首段转折处常为文章的主题句。 4主题句常包含文章的主题词。 5主题句常包含主次之分
4、的表达(A rather than B等)。 6主题句常包含时间提示词(recently，today等)。 7定义型的句子(be called as，be known as，is, are等)。 8强调型的句子(stress, focus等)。 9总结型的句子(research indicates，study suggests等)。,第三步 总结文章的主旨 根据文章的主题词和主题句，概括文章主旨，并与选项进行比对确定正确答案。如果文章全文都没有明确的主题句，那么主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。这时考生要着重阅读各段的首尾句进行总结归纳。,分 类 例 析,1归纳文章标题,(2017全国，C
5、) Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transitio
6、n, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.,Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 de
7、posit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways. Its expected to cost $ 279,000. And it wont help if youre stuck
8、in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use
9、 special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.,Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light
10、 sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet. Q：What is the best title for the text? AFlying C
11、ar at Auto Show. BThe Transitions First Flight CPilots Dream Coming True. DFlying Car Closer to Reality,解题思路 第一步 速读全文，找出中心句 Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. 第二步
12、对比选项，确定答案 关键词复现：_ 尝试解答：_ 本文是一则新闻报道，介绍了一种新型的飞行汽车。新闻报道的主题句通常是第一句话，本文的第一句中提到了flying car和closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year，由此可知，飞行汽车快要变成现实了，故选D项。,flying car; closer to its goal,D,干扰项分析 A项以偏概全，该项虽然有flying car，但出现在汽车展览会上是以后的事，并不是文章重点；B项以偏概全，这款飞行汽车在上个月的飞行只是在第一段提到，并不能概括全文；C项张
13、冠李戴，最后一段虽然提到了飞行员，但开飞行汽车不是他们的梦想。,2概括文章/段落大意,(2016浙江，C片段) Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have sugg
14、ested that science as an effort the desire to explore, explain, and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that
15、 served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”,Q：What is the main id
16、ea of the last paragraph? AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play. B_ may lead to a better understanding of _. CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. DOnes drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.,解题思路 第一步 读本段文字，试找出本段的主题句，并标出能总结段落大意的关键词 Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation thr
