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1、全国各地接二连三地发生了多起特大安全事故，造成严重的人员伤亡，特别是北京密云、吉林商厦等特大安全事故，引起了党中央和国务院的高度关注课时12阅读理解体裁解读(3)议论文【体裁解读】议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。同学们在阅读议论文时不仅要把握文章的论点、论据和论证，还要把握文章的结构和语言。像汉语一样，英语议论文通常也为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，阅读议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被
2、引出，接下来是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。同学们还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点。弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。体裁演练(2017北京卷)Hollywoods theory that machines with evil (邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI)
3、 may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics (控制论)，put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预
4、)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not inborn，nor is it
5、something introduced by humans；it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or
6、even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such
7、 a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a
8、 firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be
9、 dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to thi
10、nk of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicis
11、t Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced (中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.1Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _.Arun out of human controlBsatisfy humans real desiresCcommand armies of killer robotsDwork faster than a mathematician2Machines with specific purposes are associate
12、d with living things partly because they might be able to _.Aprevent themselves from being destroyedBachieve their original goals independentlyCdo anything successfully with given ordersDbeat humans in international chess matches3According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to _.Ahelp super in
13、telligent machines work betterBbe secure against evil human beingsCkeep machines from being harmedDavoid robots affecting the world4What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?AIt will disappear with the development of AI.BIt will get worse with human interference.
14、CIt will be solved but with difficulty.DIt will stay for a decade.【能力提升】AI read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understand the issue，lets take a look at three types of “wai
15、ts”The very purest form of waiting is the WatchedPot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until its full.During these waits，the brain s
16、lips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.A cousin to the WatchedPot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a bit of discipline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait.Directions are very specific.“Bring three cups of wat
