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1、TOEFL Writing,Lecture 2,Integrated task 综合写作,Writing Skills: Step 1 Plan how to take notes; outlines Step 2 Write thesis statement; compare and contrast; paraphrasing; summarizing Step 3 Revise,Integrated task 综合写作,Step 1 - Plan Reading & Listening passages: thesis statement - 篇章的中心思想，论题 main idea -
2、 各段的中心思想 - 中心句 supporting sentence - 论据 - 扩展句 注意：主题句在各段出现的位置,Integrated task 综合写作,提取或总结段落大意： 根据段落的特征，多数段落包含主题句(topic sentence)、支持句(supporting sentence) 和（或）结束句(concluding sentence)。主题句的位置不固定，可以在段首的第一句或第二句，也可以在段末最后一句，甚至可以在段中出现。有的段落干脆就没有主题句。,Integrated task 综合写作,Integrated task 综合写作,Example - Reading,
3、Understanding learning styles can improve learning and training,improve classrooms and training sessions,individuals can study better,professors and trainers can instruct better,different ways to describe learning styles,auditory, visual, kinesthetic,doing, reflecting,sequential, global,improve stud
4、y skills,sequential - make outlines,auditory - talk in study groups,reflective - questions, summaries,Example - Lecture,Understanding learning styles does not always provide a solution.,Some things have to be taught in certain ways.,math - sequentially,Some students are not interested in learning st
5、yles.,not want to spend time on this,Some instructors are not interested in learning styles.,teach according to their own style,teach the way they were taught,Integrated task 综合写作,Step 2 - Write Writing a thesis statement 提炼论点 Reporting verbs: believe, think, assert, explain, maintain, suggest, intr
6、oduce, point out, tell, state, claim, confirm, note, propose warn, deny, reject, oppose, counter, refute, rebut, object to, disapprove of, disagree with,Integrated task 综合写作,Example: The author explains that _ _. The speaker suggests that _ _. Practice: The author _ _. The speaker _ _.,understanding
7、 learning styles can improve learning and training,understanding learning styles does not always provide a solution,explains that animal-assisted therapy is used to improve emotional and physical health,tells us about a study that showed positive effects of pet ownership on health,Integrated task 综合
8、写作,Point-by-Point Style:,I. Point 1 A. Topic X B. Topic Y II. Point 2 A. Topic X B. Topic Y III. Point 3 A. Topic X B. Topic Y,Block Style:,I. All about Topic X A. Point 1 B. Point 2 C. Point 3 II. All about Topic Y A. Point 1 B. Point 2 C. Point 3,Thesis: Seafood World is a much better restaurant t
9、han Roast Goose City because of its superior food, service, and environment.,Point 1: Food A. Seafood World B. Roast Goose City Point 2: Service A. Seafood World B. Roast Goose City Point 3: Environment A. Seafood World B. Roast Goose City,I. Seafood World A. Food B. Service C. Environment II. Roast
10、 Goose City A. Food B. Service C. Environment,Integrated task 综合写作,Paraphrasing 同义词替换 词性转换 - 动词-名词；形容词-副词 语态转换 - 主动-被动 句子转换 - 单句-从句；句式结构变换,Integrated task 综合写作,Example 1: Web-based books would be available instantly, downloadable onto a computer or hand-held device in a matter of minutes or seconds.
11、 Web-based books could be accessible easily, downloadable onto a computer or hand-held device instantly.,Integrated task 综合写作,Example 2: Hundreds of books can be stored on one CD, so that it is no longer necessary to carry around heavy paperback or hardcover editions. Hundreds of books can fit in th
12、e storage capacity of one CD, so that people no longer need to carry around heavy paperback or hardcover editions.,Integrated task 综合写作,Example 3: For the price of one regular paperback novel, several book files could be purchased. For the price of one regular paperback novel, people could purchase
13、several book files.,Integrated task 综合写作,Example 4: There has been an upsurge in the prevalence of electronic books due to rapid advancements in technology. Because there have been rapid advancements in technology, the prevalence of electronic books has experienced an upsurge.,Integrated task 综合写作,I
14、ntegrated task 综合写作,英语中的5种基本句型,1. 主语+及物动词+宾语 2. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 3. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语 4. 主语+系动词+主语补足语 (表语) 5. 主语+不及物动词 (+状语 / 修饰语),名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、句子,动词,名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、句子,形容词、名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、分词、介词短语、句子,形容词、名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、分词、介词短语、句子,副词、不定式、分词、介词短语、句子,形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语,Sentence 1,One team tha
15、t performed more than two hundred operations found that nearly half of the patients underwent a change of personality.,Sentence 2,In one publicized case in England a young salesman with an apparent compulsion to gamble was arrested for larceny.,Sentence 3,Mostly because of inflation, but also because taxes have been creeping upward, the actual buying power that people have been getting from the money in their paycheques has declined by nearly 40% over the past twelve months.,Sentence 4,One index of how finan
