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1、专题十七 词义猜测,-2-,考情概览 考试说明指出:正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步,也是理解文章的基础。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思,其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义,才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外,阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力,是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力,因此也是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。 词义猜测题主要是测试考生根据上下文判断生词或新短语意义的能力。阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。事实上,
2、阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。考生可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。,-3-,1.词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种 (1)The word “.” in the passage means . (2)The word “.” could be best replaced by . (3)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to the word “.”? (4)The word “.” probably refers to . (5)According to the passa
3、ge,the word “.” is known as . 2.词义猜测题解题策略 (1)根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义 这种情况下,生词往往出现在前面,定义或解释跟在生词的后面,也可由or或破折号引出,因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义,生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语,也可以是列举的句子。在做这类题时,要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语,在句中多用逗号(,)、破折号()、冒号(:)、分号(;)等来连接。,-4-,【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,C) This month,Germanys transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed
4、 the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley” of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonom
5、ous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. .,-5-,46.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.A place where cars often break down. B.A case where passing a law is impossible. C.An area where no driving is permitted. D.A situation where drivers role is
6、not clear. 词义猜测题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,交通部长的提议将会明确司机的责任。根据第二段的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知,这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形,故选D项。,-6-,(2)根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义 分析句子结构、辨别句子成分、分清搭配关系,是判断词义的前提,通过搭配关系可以确定画线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外,转折词but,让步/条件状语从句以及unlik
7、e,in spite of,despite,however等一些介词和副词(短语)都可以构成意义上的对比关系。,-7-,【典例分析】 Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor.Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and dont want to embarrass themselves.If you feel you can relate,then g
8、roup training is an even better option for you.Its a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision(监管)of a fitness instructor.If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored,you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll k
9、eep your workout on track.Dont let fitness frighten you!,-8-,73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”. A.cheerful B.average C.serious D.temporary 词义猜测题。根据前面出现的“becoming bored”可判断,作者建议你参加一个活泼愉快的健身班。该词的含义应该与“bored”相反,故选择A项。,-9-,(3)利用构词法猜测词义 根据前缀猜测词义 如:Do you have any
10、strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? 根据词根educational(教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起),我们便可以猜出co-educational意为“男女同校教育的”。 根据后缀猜测词义 如:Its a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking(俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point. 后缀-ise/-ize意为“使成为,使化”,结合词根co
11、mmercial(商业的),不难猜出uncommercialized意为“未被商业化的”。,-10-,【典例分析】 (Q=Question;A=Answer) Situation Q:If someone sits right next to me in an empty movie theater, is it rude to move? A:Maybe, but nobody will fault you for it.Chances are that the close sitter doesnt realize he disturbs you, so he may miss your
12、annoyance.You undoubtedly arent the first person hes met who needs enough room.Forgive his bad judgment,move quietly and enjoy the show.,-11-,Situation Q:If I use the restroom at a store, do I need to buy something? A:Consider frequency and urgency.Is this a one-time thing or an emergency?If so,you
13、dont have to buy anything, but it would be kind if you did.However,if you regularly use the restroom at this place, then you are a customer,and you should act like one. Situation Q:If someone is talking loudly on the bus,is there a nice way to ask him to keep it down? A:No.Try other means:1)Stare at
14、 him until he gets aware of it and quiets down.2) Lift your finger in a silence motion (动作) and smile.3)Put on earphones and ignore him.,-12-,Situation Q:If I remember my friends birthday a day late, should I apologize or just wish her a happy birthday like nothing happened? A:This is the reason why
15、 the word belated was invented.“Happy belated birthday!”is short for:“Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered.Forgive me and happy birthday.” Situation Q:Can I lie about seeing a text because I was too busy or lazy to respond (回复) to it? A:Dont lie.Receiving a text does not mean you need to res
16、pond to it.Why waste a perfectly good lie when the truth will serve? “Yes,” you can say if ever asked, “I saw it.” No explanation is needed as to why you dont respond.,-13-,The underlined word “belated” in Situation probably means . A.predicted B.returned C.cancelled D.delayed 词义猜测题。由第四个情景对话(Q:)中的“a day late”及画线词belated本身中的词根late可以推出答案为D项delayed“拖延的,迟到的”。,-14-,根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 如:Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.Well-de
