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1、,Exercises,Reading Comprehension,Structure of the Text,Unit 8: Exercises,Vocabulary,Cloze,Translation,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,Reference,Ex. I, p.153,In paragraphs 1 to 4, the author listed many examples to show that we seem to take stereotypes for granted. Stereotypes appear in every aspect of
2、 life. According to him, stereotype is a gossip about the world, which makes us prejudge people before we really lay eyes on them, hence it is a kind of prejudice.,1. In paragraphs 1 to 4, the author describes typical examples of stereotyping. Why does he list so many examples? What are stereotypes
3、according to him?,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,2. When and how do we learn to stereotype?,We learn to stereotype when we were quite young, from the Westerns we can spot Good guys from Bad guys. We also have the standardized pictures of stereotypes thrust upon us as grownups.,Reference,Unit 8: Readi
4、ng comprehension,3. What is another word for prejudice in Heilbroners essay? Are there any other synonyms of this word in the text?,Another word for prejudice is prejudgment. Actually in the text there are many words used by the author to mean the same, they are: stereotype, typecast, prejudice, pre
5、judgment, etc. Outside of the text, we can also find such words as bias, discrimination, scapegoats associated with stereotypes.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,4. Why do we tend to stereotype people?,We tend to stereotype people because we are living in a confusing and buzzing world. Stereo
6、typing helps us make sense out of this completely buzzing world.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,5. What do you think Walter Lippmann means when he says, “For the most part we do not first see and then define; we define first and then we see” (Para. 9)? Explain your answer in detail.,If we d
7、ont know what we are looking at, we are often quite unable to see what we are looking at. Stereotypes are one way in which we “define” the world in order to see it. They classify the infinite variety of human beings into a convenient handful of types towards whom we learn to act in stereotyped fashi
8、on. In a word, we are mentally lazy to see the world by ourselves, but rather, we would like to have judgment before we research on the fact.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,6. What are the harms of stereotypes?,1) Stereotypes make us mentally lazy: we dont want to observe our world, we use
9、stereotypes instead. 2) Stereotypes get in the way of our judgment when we observe the world, thus they do injustice to others. 3) Stereotypes impoverish ourselves. We lose our capacity to be ourselves, i.e. the ability to see the world in our own absolutely unique, inimitable and independent fashio
10、n.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,7. How does seeing the world in stereotypes “impoverish” us, according to Heilbroner?,Stereotypes impoverish us as we tend to lump the world into simple categories, being in danger of becoming a stereotype ourselves. We may lose ourselves as an independent
11、individual with inimitable thought about the world.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,8. Can we change a stereotypical view of the world? If yes, how can we change it?,Yes, but we cannot just drop our standardized pictures for a blind vision of the Truth because sharp swings of ideas just subs
12、titute one stereotype for another. We have to undergo a true process of change, that is a slow process that adds bits and pieces of reality to the pictures in our heads, until gradually they take on some of the blurriness of life itself.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,9. What are Heilbroner
13、s three steps for discarding our stereotypical view of the world?,The three steps to discard the stereotypes are as follows: first, we can become aware of the stereotypes held in our minds. Second, we can become suspicious of all judgments that we allow exceptions to prove. Third, we can learn to be
14、 chary of generalizations about people.,Reference,Unit 8: Reading comprehension,10. In the text, the author mentions several groups of people stereotyped such as Jews, Catholics, Negroes and Puerto Ricans, do you know why they are stereotyped? Can you list out other kinds of stereotypes?,Jews and Ca
15、tholics are stereotyped especially for the historical and religious reasons (Jews are to some degree different from most Christians because Jews believe the Old Testament of Bible, and the similar reason for the Catholics) while Negroes and Puerto Ricans are stereotyped mainly for demographic and hi
16、storical reasons (both of them come to the U.S. as outsiders and considered barbaric). Other stereotypes include racial discrimination, sex discrimination, bias, various prejudices including gender-related and age-related prejudices, preconceptions, etc.,Reference,Ex. II, p.154,1. Introduction (Paras. 16),2. Body (Paras. 718),3. Conclusion (Para. 19),Text Outline,Unit 8: Structure of the text,1) Stereotypes are a kind of _
