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一阶语法讲解

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基础语法基本句型:简单句&并列句1.简单句的构成My father is listening to the popular music in the garden.The handsome boy is my brother.主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 表语 补语简单句的五种形式:(1)主语+谓语 (不及物动词);(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;(5)主语+系动词+表语 谓语 实义动词① 及物动词 watch, see② 不及物动词 sit 系动词 ① be 动词;② 一些实义动词用作系动词:feel, taste, smell 等;He is crying.Parents watch TV every night.My father gave me some advice.We can make our country beautiful.The boy is the tallest in the class.§2.并列句两个简单句并列在一起,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。

并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接连接词:(1)并列关系句型:连接词有 and, either…or…,neither…nor…, not only…but also… eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.(2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有 but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.(3)对比关系的并列句型: eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.简单句和并列句是复合句的基础主语 —— 施动者或动作的主体宾语 —— 受动者通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成 I love you.(一)名词 1. 可数名词有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词 a/an、the 进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上 the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;eg:Germany is a European country.②定冠词:表示特定或特指eg:Is this the book that you are looking for?定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词:表示全部或者整体eg:Do you know who invented the computer?用于乐器或专有名词前,如 play the piano、the Thames2. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词, 其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加 the.前面可以加单位词,进行分类:常见单位词:①a piece of +advice /bread /cloth /fortune /information /music/muse ②a bit of、an item of、an article of名词在翻译中遇到的问题:(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash 和 ashes(废墟)(2)名词的格:’s 以及 of逻辑语义:Rachel:I’m Carol’s ex-husband's sister's roommate.Doctor:I’m your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生)——老友记of: 理清逻辑语义,翻译方法: “A of B”翻译成“B 的 A”The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊:China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture.(二)代词1.人称代词第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格I, you, he, she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.2. 物主代词①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词;②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。

eg: May I borrow your pen? Mine is missing.3.反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人强调人称问题eg:I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself.指示代词:this, that, these, those不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别(1)all, each, every:① all 和 every 可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all 可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each 只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;(2)everyone&every one everyone 等同于 everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here. every one 既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用 every one of ;eg:Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes. (3)no one&noneno one 只能指人,none 既可以指人,也可以指物,none 后面还可以接 of;eg:No one failed the examination.None of the students failed the examination.it 的用法(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;(2)书面语:① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg:It's three years since I saw him.② it 用来前指或者后指eg:I've lost my book. Where is it?There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.③ it 做形式主语eg:Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?④ it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg:She thinks it no use telling me.He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan.⑤ it 用于强调句,构成句型 It's…that/who…如何区分强调句中的 it 和形式主语中的 it?eg:It's clear that they have won.如果 It's 和 that 去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。

三) 数词数词分为基数词和序数词1. 表示大约的词汇:about,approximately,around,roughly,some,more or less, or so; eg:About 200 people were killed in the crash.The town is 5 Miles or so from here.表示多于的词汇:above,more than, over表示少于,不到的词汇:almost,below,less than, under eg:It's 2:57, and it's almost 3 o'clock一些可以直接表示数字的单词: dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million这些词前面出现基数词,表示确切的数时,不能加复数;若不能表明确切数字,只是说大约有多少的时候,以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词,但是可以将其变为复数,后加 of;eg:There are millions of kinds of matter in the world.(四)形容词和副词形容词还可以做表语,放在 be 动词之后;英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时,含义会有所不同:(1)certain:作定语时,表示特定的:eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you.作表语时,表示当然的,一定,相当于 be sure;(2)complete:作定语时,表示完全的:作表语时,表示完成的或完美的;(3)ill:作定语时,表示坏的;作表语时,表示有病的;(4)late:作定语时,表示已故的;作表语时,表示晚的、迟到的;(5)ready:作定语时,表示现成的;作表语时,表示准备好的、愿意做……;(6)present:作定语时,表示目前的,相当于 current;作表语时,表示出席,参加;the+形容词:表示一类人;eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded通常由副词构成,副词可以修饰动词,形容词,乃至整个句子;副词通常是褒义的,有部分是有否定含义的,常见否定含义副词有 seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely;其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念;形容词和副词的比较。

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