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1、Realism in the 19th century,Realism,A movement in art and literature; It developed in Europe and the US; In the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century; It centered集中 in the novel; It emphasizes fidelity 忠实 to reality and actual experience实际经验.,It aims at a truthful r
2、epresentation陈述 of human behavior and surroundings or figures and objects客观事物 exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made several times throughout history in all the arts, but the term词汇 is generally restricted限定约束 to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in re
3、action to the highly subjective主观 approach of Romanticism.,It was in opposition to Romanticisms emphasis on feelings and imaginations, which was believed as an escape from reality by the writers of Realism. The world reflected in Romantic writers works was false错误的 and the romantic works were consid
4、ered too sentimental伤感的感情脆弱的 by the realists.,It began in France in the novels of Flaubert and the short stories of Maupassant. Central to the idea核心思想 of Realism is the belief that literature is the mirror镜子 of real life. Writers of Realism use everyday scenes and occurences as their subject主题. Met
5、hod: observational and objective representation,The realists regard characterization 人物塑造 rather than the plot 情节 the center of the novel. The realists have more interest in social problems and tend to talk about ethical 伦理 issues. Its language is usually simple, clear and direct. Its tone is usuall
6、y comic and sometimes satirical讽刺性的.,The realists concentrate on middle-class life and preoccupations 想法, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues. For the realists, it is important to reflect the world as it is from the personal experience of it.,Representative figures,France Stendhal Balzac巴尔扎克 Flaub
7、ert Zola左拉 Maupassant England Dickens 狄更斯 -George Eliot -the Bronte sisters Thackeray - Thomas Hardy Russia Anton Chekhov -Turgenev Dostoyevsky -Tolstoy Northern Europe Henry Ibsen,natualism,French Literature,Stendhal,one of the leading Realist French novelists of the 1800s Major works： The Red and
8、the Black (1830) 红与黑 The Charterhouse of Parma (1839) 巴马修道院,Charateristics of his works,He has an acute 敏锐的 analysis of the characters psychology心理. His use of character analysis marks him as one of the first realists in 19th-century literature His works are also noted for the use of irony讽刺反语, ambi
9、guity模棱两可模糊, and narrative complexity复杂的. His narrative point of view restricts限制 the readers vision to that of the characters, so it gives readers an objective picture from the characters perspective透视图.,For example, Fabrice del Dongo in La chartreuse de Parme goes to the battle of Waterloo, but bo
10、th he and the reader are uncertain afterward后来以后 if he has witnessed it. This ambiguity is a kind of psychological心里上的 realism. Similarly, Stendhals heroes and heroines cannot be completely known, either by the reader or by themselves. The narrator 叙述者 constantly不断的 undercuts 削弱 the readers assumpti
11、ons假想 about the characters with irony, indicating表明 sometimes how naive天真 or mistaken the characters are, while sometimes expressing surprise at what they do or say.,Honor de Balzac (1799-1850),a French novelist and playwright The Human Comedy (1842-1848) 人间喜剧 Le Pre Goriot (Father Goriot or Old Gor
12、iot) 1835 高老头,Characteristics of his writings,Balzac achieved sublime令人崇敬的 realism in his novels through his attention to details and his intensely强烈的紧张的 portrayed描绘 characters. Balzac extensively uses detail, especially the detail of objects, to illustrate阐明 the lives of his characters.,“The author
13、 firmly坚决的 believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit价值 of works.” 自此以后,characterization,His characters are multi多-faceted有小面的; even his lesser较小的 characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. He sought to present his characters as real people, neither fully good no
14、r fully evil, but fully human. The characters represent a particular range范围幅度 of social types. Objects are also imbued 充满 with character; Paris, a setting for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities.,The Human Comedy,It is inspired by Dantes The Divine Comedy. It is a set of about 90 wor
15、ks that explore the influence of society on the individual. It is a book left unfinished at the time of his death. His goal was to depict描绘 the human species in France with its many character types and associated关联 behaviors. It gave a comprehensive广泛的综合的 view of the French society of his time, and
16、nearly all social classes have been depicted.,Gustave Flaubert福楼拜 (1821-1880),Often called the first French realist Considered by many to be the father of realistic fiction Masterpiece: Madame Bovary (1857) 包法利夫人,Characteristics of his works,His works influenced the development of the modern novel, most notably显著的 in their detailed, objective observation of everyday life their concern for form,He attempts to hide all t
