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1、Therearegreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophers1._ havesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethe historyofphilosophyfromwhichofscience.Philosophyis2._ largediscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequite3._ certain,andthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledge increases,philosophybudsoffthescience
2、s. Foranexample,intheancientworldandtheMiddleAges4._ philosophersdiscussedmotion.AristotleandSt.Thomas Aquinastaughtthatamovingbodywouldslowdownuntilaforce5._ wereconstantlyappliedtoit.Theywerewrong.Itgoesonmoving unlesssomethingslowsitdown.Buttheyhadgoodargumentson theirside,andifwestudythese,andth
3、eexperiments whichprovedthemrightthiswillhelpustodistinguishtruth6._ fromfalseinthescientificcontroversiesoftoday.7._ Wealsoseehowdifferentphilosopherreflectsthesocial8._ lifeofhisday.PlatoandAristotle,intheslave-owningsociety ofancientGreece,thoughtmanshigheststatewascontemplation ratherthanactivit
4、y.IntheMiddleAgesSt.Thomas believedaregularfeudalsystemofnineranksofangels.Herbert9._ Spencer,inthetimeoffreecompetitionbetweencapitalists, foundthekeytoprogressasthesurvivalofthefittest.Thus10._ Marxismisseentofitintoitsplaceasthephilosophyfor theworkers,theonlyclasswithafuture.Passage 2ThewhiteHou
5、sebegantobebuiltin1792,butitwasnot completeduntiltenyearslater.EveryAmericanpresidentlived initexceptforGeorgeWashington,althoughhedidhavea1._ majoritypartindesigningit.2._ Thegovernmentheldacompetitiontochoosethebest designforthepresidentshouse.Thewinnerwasayoungmanof3._ SouthCarolina,JamesHoban.Hi
6、sdesignwasathree-level houseofstone.AndPresidentWashingtonmadesomechanges inthewinningdesign.Hemadethehouselongandwider,and4._ changeditintoatwo-storiedhouseinsteadofthree. Thesecondpresident,JohnAdams,wasfirsttoliveinthe5._ WhiteHouse.Whenheandhiswifemovedontothenewhouse6._ inNovember,1800,workwass
7、tillgoingon,althoughthemain liveareawascompleted.Thewholeworkdidnotfinishuntilthe7._ administrationofthe3rdpresident,ThomasJefferson. Twelveyearslater,theBritisharmyinvadedWashington andburnedtheWhiteHouse.Thefirecompletelydestroyedthe insideofthebuildingandexpertssaidtheWhiteHousewasso8._ dangerous
8、tolivein.Lateronworkersrebuilttheinsideofthe WhiteHouse.Moreofficeswereadded,mostofwhichunderground.9._ Noneofthework,however,changedtheappearingof10._ thebuilding.Manypeopleaskedwhythepresidentshouseis calledtheWhiteHouse.Historianssayithasbeensocalled simplybecauseitwaspaintedwhite.passage 3Whenso
9、menineteenth centuryNewYorkerssaid“Harlem”, theymeantalmostallofManhattanaboveEighty-sixthStreet. Towardtheendofthecentury,however,agroup ofcitizensinupperManhattan-wantperhaps,toshapeacloser1._ andmoreprecisesenseofcommunitydesignatedasectionthat theywishedtohaveknownasHarlem.Thechosenareawasthe Ha
10、rlemwhichBlacksweremovinginthefirstdecadesofthe2._ newcenturyastheylefttheiroldsettlementsonthemiddleand lowerblocksoftheWestSide. AsthecommunitybecamepredominantlyBlack,thevery word “Harlem”seemedtoloseitsoldmeaning.Attimeitwas3._ easytoforgetthat“Harlem” wasoriginallytheDutchname “Harlem”;thecommu
11、nityitdescribedhadbeenfoundedby4._ peoplefromHolland；andthatformostofitsthreecenturiesit wasfirstsettledinthesixteenhundredsithadbeenpreoccupied5._ byWhiteNewYorkers.“Harlem” becamesynonymousto6._ BlacklifeandBlackstyleinManhattan.Blackslivingthere usedthewordasthoughtheyhadcoineditonthemselvesnot7.
12、_ onlytodesignatetheirareaofresidencebuttoexpresstheir senseofthevariousqualitiesofitslifeandatmosphere.Asthe yearspassed,“Harlem” assertedanevenlargermeaning.In8._ thewordsofAdamClaytonPowell,Sr.,thepastorofthe AbyssinianBaptistChurch,Harlem“becamethesymbolofliberty andthePromisedLandtoNegroeseverywhere”. By1919Harlemspopulationhadgrownbyseveralthousand. IthadreceiveditsshareofwartimemigrationfromtheSouth, theCaribbean,andpartsofcolonialAfrica.Someofthe newarrivalsmerelylivedforHarlem;itwasNewYorktheyhad9._ cometo,lookingforjobsandforalltheotherlegendaryopportunities oflifeint
