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1、一岗双责落实还不到位。受事务性工作影响，对分管单位一岗双责常常落实在安排部署上、口头要求上，实际督导、检查的少，指导、推进、检查还不到位。非谓语动词【考纲解读】考生应掌握: 1.非谓语动词的构成、语法功能及用法对比; 2.非谓语动词完成式和被动式的用法及特点; 3.非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式; 4.不定式与动名词、动名词与现在分词、现在分词与过去分词、分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比; 5.不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别; 6.过去分词作定语、不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。 【预习导学】一、非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式_不定式的动作与句中谓语动词
2、的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式_不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式_不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式_其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生完成式_其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词_与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成I have a lot of reading _ before the end of this term.本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读任务要完成。Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer.人们一致认为查尔斯巴贝奇发明了第一台计
3、算机。No harm seems_.似乎并没有造成伤害。Do you mind _ while studying?你介意学习时被打扰吗？ _ for a long time, the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视，这个男孩坐在后面感到枯燥就出去了。 _ enough time, we are sure to do it well.如果给予我们足够的时间，我们一定能做好。二、非谓语动词的用法(一)非谓语动词作状语的用法1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调
4、目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。 _ the college entrance exam, we must work hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。The bus stopped _ up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。(2)作结果状语不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语常用于“主语(人)系动词形
5、容词(过去分词)to do”结构中。形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。常用于“主语(物)系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy, di
6、fficult, hard, cheap，expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。The morning air is so good _ that he gets up early every day.早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。2分词作状语分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有
7、完成的意义。(1)作时间状语相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。_ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different order.被译成英语后，我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。(2)作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。
8、_ this problem, he asked the teacher about it.Because he didnt understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。 _ by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。(3)作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。_ another hour, I
9、can also work out this problem.If Im given another hour, I can also work out the problem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。More highways have been built in China,_ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随
10、的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。One evening Harry phoned me, _ me to come to his flat as soon as possible.One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。(6)作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。_ of the danger, he still went skating on the
11、 thin ice.Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.虽然被警告危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。3独立主格结构作状语独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。(1)逻辑主语名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词So many children _ , th
12、ey both have to work full time.有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全日工作。The guide _ the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention _upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。There _ no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It _ Sunday, I
13、 didnt need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。(2)with/without复合宾语“with/without宾语宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _ on.由于噪音不断我做不了作业。It was a pity that the great writer died with his works_.真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，作品
14、尚未完成。The girl feels excited with so many places of interest_.有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。(二)非谓语动词作定语的用法1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。The question _ at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。He has no pen _.他没有钢笔写字。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
