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1、,Chapter3 Lexicon Review,Chapter3 Lexicon,Lexicon,the Definition of Word词的定义,the Formation of Word 词的形成,Lexicon Change 词的变化,Three Senses of Word “词”的三种定义,Identification of Word 词的识别,Classification of Word 词的分类,Morpheme and Morphology 词汇&形态,Types of Morphemes 语素的类型,Inflection and word formation 曲折变化和
2、词的形成,Sememe VS.Mophme Phneme VS.Morpheme 义素VS.语素 音位VS.语素,Lexical Change Proper 特有词汇变化,Morpho-syntactical change 形态-句法变化,Semantic Change 语义,Phonological Change 音位,Orthographic Change 拼写变化,3.1 What is word?,WORD is a unit of expression that native spears may recognize by intuition, whether it is expre
3、ssed in spoken or written form. A WORD is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing.,3.1.1 Three senses of “word”,(1)A physically definable unit词是自然的可界定单位 Word may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two p
4、auses or blanks. (2)Word both as a general term and as a specific term 作为一般用语和具体用语的词(The common factor underlying a set of forms) Word may be used both as a general term (then boy and boys are just one word) and as a specific items (boy and boys are two words). (3)A grammatical unit The work rank is
5、 located between morpheme and word group.,3.1.2 Identification of words,(1) Stability 稳定性 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure, i.e. the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement, compared with the relative positi
6、onal mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy. Take the word chairman for example. If the morphemes are rearranged as * manchair, it is an unacceptable word in English.,(2) Relative uninterruptibility 相对连续性 By uninterru ptibility, we men new elements are not to be inserted into a w
7、ord even when there are several parts in a word. Nothing is to be inserted in between the three parts of the word disappointment: dis + appoint + ment. Nor is one allowed to use pauses between the parts of a word: * dis appoint ment.,(3) A minimum free form 最小自由形式 This was first suggested by Leonard
8、 Bloomfield. He advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form” and word “the minimum free form,” the latter being the smallest unit that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.,3.1.3 Classification of words,(1) Variable and invariable words 可变词和不可变词 In variable words, one can find o
9、rdered and regular series of grammatically different word form; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant. E.g. follow follows following followed. Invariable words refer to those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello, etc. They have no inflective endings. (2) Gramma
10、tical words and lexical words语法词和词汇词 Grammatical words, a.k.a. function words, express grammatical meanings, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns, are grammatical words. Lexical words, a.k.a. content words, have lexical meanings, i.e. those which refer to substance, action and
11、 quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, are lexical words.,(3) Closed-class words and open-class words 封闭词和开放词 Closed-class word: A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositio
12、ns, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed items. Open-class word: A word that belongs to the open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.,(4) Word class 词类 Word class: known as Parts of Speech in t
13、raditional grammar. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc Structureinvariablewordsgrammatical wordsfunction words Notional variable words lexicalwords content words,This is close to the notion of parts of speech in traditional grammar. Today, wo
14、rd class displays a wider range of more precisely defined categories. Here are some of the categories newly introduced into linguistic analysis. i. Particles 小品词: Particles include at least the infinitive marker “to,” the negative marker “not,” and the subordinate units in phrasal verbs, such as “ge
15、t by,” “do up,” “look back,” etc. ii. Auxiliaries 助动词: Auxiliaries used to be regarded as verbs. Because of their unique properties, which one could hardly expect of a verb, linguists today tend to define them as a separate word class.,iii. Pro-forms 代词形式: Pro-forms are the forms which can serve as
16、replacements for different elements in a sentence. For example, in the following conversation, so replaces that I can come. A: I hope you can come. B: I hope so. iiii. Determiners 限定词:all the articles（重点） Determiners refer to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has. Determiners can be divided into three subclasses: predeterminers, central determiners and p
