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1、系统掌握蕴含其中的马克思主义立场观点方法，要在系统学习、深刻领会、科学把握习近平教育思想上下功夫。精心组织开展学习宣传贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神知识问答活动。类型3| 科普知识考查要点方法技巧1.科学现象、概念、定义、类别等。2事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等。3事物或现象产生的原因、过程、演变。4相似事物间的异同。1.理清说明顺序：时间、空间、逻辑顺序。2把握文章结构：并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式。3认清说明方法：下定义、举事例、作比较、打比方等。(2016江苏高考C)El Nio，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，”was
2、named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Nio sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westw
3、ards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects，both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Nio in 199798 helped Americas economy grow by $15 billion，partly because of better agricultural
4、 harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multiyear drought(干旱) in southeast Brazil is becoming worse.Though heavy rains brought about B
5、y El Nio may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nio，in 199798，killed around 21，000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Nios come with months of warning，and so much is known about ho
6、w they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)，however，just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on ris
7、kreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers(下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left witho
8、ut food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and coauthors，civil conflict is related to El Nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least
9、 reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.61What can we learn about El Nio in Paragraph 1?AIt is named after a South A
10、merican fisherman.BIt takes place almost every year all over the world.CIt forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.DIt sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.62What may El Nios bring about to the countries affected?AAgricultural harvests in rich countries fall.BDrought
11、s become more harmful than floods.CRich countries gains are greater than their losses.DPoor countries suffer less from droughts economically.63The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that _Amore investment should go to risk reductionBgovernments of poor countries need more aidCvictims of El
12、Nio deserve more compensationDrecovery and reconstruction should come first64What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?ATo introduce El Nio and its origin.BTo explain the consequences of El Nio.CTo show ways of fighting against El Nio.DTo urge people to prepare for El Nio.语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文。介绍
13、了厄尔尼诺现象的由来以及它对人们生活的影响。文章根据ODI对20年救灾资金的投向的分析，得出防灾重于救灾的结论，这也是作者写此文的目的。文章最后提出防止厄尔尼诺带来次生灾害的措施。长难句解读：El Nio，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，”was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught ar
14、ound Christmas.分析：这是一个复合句。El Nio.by South American fishermen是主句，其中a Spanish term for“the Christ child”是同位语；who引导限制性定语从句，其谓语动词noticed后面是that引导的宾语从句；该宾语从句的主语the global weather pattern与谓语动词reduced之间是which引导的非限制性定语从句。翻译：厄尔尼诺现象，西班牙语“圣婴现象”的译音，是由很早就注意到全球天气(变化)模式会使临近圣诞节的捕鱼量减少的南美洲渔民命名的，这一现象每二至七年发生一次。61D细节理解题
15、。根据首段第一句.a Spanish term for “the Christ child，”.South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years.可知，“厄尔尼诺”是西班牙语的译音，原意是“神童”或“圣明之子”，是由很早就注意海洋与天气的关系的南美洲的渔民命名的，所以D项“它能体现大洋中潮流方向的改变”为正确选项。根据首段第一句可知南美洲的渔民发现了这一现象，而非“某个渔民”，故A项错误；B项是常识性错误；C项恰好与文章内容相反。
16、62C细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios，on balance，than they lose.可知，富裕国家因厄尔尼诺而得到的东西要比它们失去的多。由此可锁定正确答案为C。63A推理判断题。根据文章第四段ODI提供的数据可知，在过去的20年中只有12%的救灾资金投入到提前预防方面，显然投入比例较小；再联系第四段最后一句.that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.(在预防灾害方面花一美元就能在灾后重建方面至少省两美元)可知正确答案为A。64D主
