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1、Crowdsourcing and Gov 2.0Irene Ros, Yannick Assogba, Joan DiMiccoIBM ResearchOne Rogers St, Cambridge, 02142 iros; yannick; INTRODUCTIONThe openness and proliferation of the social web inspired a movement known as Gov 2.0 or Open Government. The Gov 2.0 movement strives to make our government as acc
2、essible, transparent and collaborative as the services being used by Internet users on a daily basis. There are many definitions of Gov 2.0 3; Some focus on real time data availability and some argue the focus should be on using the principles exhibited by the emerging tools & technology in the soci
3、al media space. We see at least three different strands in the work coming out of the Gov 2.0 movement: informing citizens, gathering citizen input or encouraging citizen participation and providing better services to citizens. This position paper intends to outline aspects of the Gov 2.0 movement,
4、with particular reference to the software systems that are part of this ecosystem, as well as our view of how these can be impacted by crowdsourcing techniques. The community of Gov 2.0 thinkers, spearheaded by Tim OReilly, faces several challenges as a result of the government statusquo and nature
5、of existing operations. The digitized government, still a novel concept, is one of great cost and labor. Among many factors, accessibility requirements, bidding processes, reliability standards and a wide target demographic result in expensive investments that take months and even years to make. Add
6、itionally, many argue that the government itself cannot fund and lead the movement of its own openness; that only an outsider can function as a “watchdog”, supervising the activity and data generated by our government representatives. Despite the challenges, President Obamas memorandum on Open Gover
7、nment 10 called on the US government to become more transparent and open.THE OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA AND SOCIAL WEB MOVEMENTSMany government offices answered the Presidents call, releasing copious amount of data. This data, often available as single file dumps, or worse - html only interactive tables,
8、are difficult to turn into actual insight. What are the ramifications of this data flood? First, it offers the illusion that the government is now transparent and its operations can be easily discerned from the data. This is far from the truth: citizens are not equipped or motivated to parse large d
9、ata dumps and build their conclusions upon it, Much of the data being released is of little importance to the majority of citizens and some have suggested that this data is released merely for the sake of appearing transparent 4. These issues alongside those mentioned above motivate a community of d
10、evelopers who wish to convert the data into meaningful interactions for citizens, as indicated by examples such as “Code for America” 5 and “Apps for America” 2. Many applications are being built on top of data, some utilizing concepts we know from the social web such as commenting, sharing, ranking
11、, embedding and remixing. A prominent example being OpenCongress.org which offers a robust commenting system on the contents of legislative bills. Are the sorts of applications being created today sufficient for meeting the goals of the gov 2.0 movement? How can, and does crowdsourcing play a role i
12、n the gov 2.0 ecosystem?GENRES OF CROWDSOURCING AND THEIR APPLIC-ABILITY TO THE OPEN GOVERNMENT SPACEQuinn and Bederson define a taxonomy of distributed human labor genres and applications 11. These include:Games with a purpose: Applications that employ game mechanics to encourage volunteers to perf
13、orm computation. The focus is to make the game fun enough that volunteers enjoy playing it while performing work as a side effect.Mechanized Labor: Crowdsourcing applications that involved monetary rewards for human labor. The most notable example being Amazons Mechanical Turk 1.Wisdom of Crowds: Th
14、e collective intelligence obtained by a distributed group of people thinking independently. 12Dual-purpose Work: This type of work is characterized by coupling computation with something else that the user is required to do, an example of this is ReCaptcha 13.Grand Search: Work that utilizes volunte
15、ers to search through a large data space to retrieve a single solution.Human-based Genetic Algorithms: An approach where the solutions consist of a series of small tasks that evolve based on human evaluation.Knowledge Collection from Volunteer Contributors - This is using human workers to build larg
16、e datasets on a common topic.While the space of approaches is large, some are more difficult to apply to the Gov 2.0 space successfully due to the nature of the work in question. For example, creating a 1game around government data that offers sufficient entertainment to satisfy players is quite challenging. In the case of mechanized labor, which can be applied to almost any situation where the task can be split up efficiently, when i
