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1、Chapter Four,Word Formation,The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word
2、 formation usually differs from a syntactic rule in that it is of limited productivity. That is , not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the words have gained an institutional currency in the language.,4.1 Affixation,Affixation is
3、generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in word
4、s, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.,1. Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. Negative Prefixes a- meaning not, without, opposite
5、to dis- meaning not, the converse of in- (il-, ir-, im-) same in meaning as for dis- non- meaning not, a productive affix expressing the idea that a person or thing does not have the qualities or characteristics referred to,un- same in meaning as for dis- Of this group, un- is by far the most produc
6、tive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives. The difference lies in the fact that words with un- are semantically more absolute and more literally related to the base than those with in-.,2) Reversative or Privative Prefixes de- meaning reversing the action, depriving of, a productive a
7、ffix dis- meaning reversing the action, with verbs ; also meaning lacking, with adjectives un- same in meaning as for de- with verbs ; but meaning depriving of, releasing from in limited use with nouns to make verbs,3) Pejorative Prefixes mal- meaning badly, bad added to verbs, participles, adjectiv
8、es, and abstract nouns mis- meaning wrongly, astray, added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns pseudo- meaning false, imitation, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives,4) Prefixes of Degree or Size arch- meaning supreme, most, with human nouns co- meaning jointly, on equal footing, produ
9、ctive with nouns and verbs extra- meaning very, productive with adjectives hyper- meaning extreme, productive with adjectives, sometimes pejorative macro- meaning large, forming technical terms micro- meaning very small, the opposite of macro-forming mostly scientific or technical terms,mini- meanin
10、g little, productive with nouns out- meaning surpassing, with verbs, nouns and adjectives to form new transitive verbs over- meaning excessive, added to adjectives, verbs, and nouns sub- meaning secondary, less important, productive in the sense with nouns to form new nouns super- meaning more than,
11、 beyond, very special, productive with adjective, nouns to form words of the same classes,sur- meaning over and above, added to nouns ultra- meaning extreme, productive with adjectives under- meaning insufficient, beneath, productive with verbs, nouns and adjectivesIt should be noted that some the p
12、refixes were already incor-porated into words before they were adopted and thus are frequently unanalysable on a semantic basis.,5) Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude anti- meaning against, oppose to, productive with nouns, and adjectives; also meaning preventing, destroying, productive; its newly
13、 developed meaning against traditional characteristics and of or belonging to the hypothetical world consisting of antimatter contra- meaning opposite, contrasting counter- meaning against, in opposition to, productive with nouns and verbs pro- meaning for, on the side of, productive with nouns and
14、verbs,It should be mentioned that anti- is different from counter-in that the former suggests simply an attitude of opposition whereas the latter implies an action in opposition to or in response to a previous action. A counterattack can take place only if there has already been a attack. In times o
15、f peace, however, there are still a lot of anti-war people,6) Locative Prefixes extra- meaning outside, with adjective fore- meaning front part of, with nouns, verbs, and adjectives inter- meaning between, among, productive with nouns and adjectives and verbs intra- meaning within, productive with n
16、ouns and adjectives to form adjectives super- meaning above with nouns,tele- meaning distant trans- meaning across, from one place to another, productive with adjectives, nouns and verbs. The prefix trans- often combines with bound roots to form words.,7) Prefixes of Time and Order ex- meaning former, productive with nouns fore- meaning before, with verbs and nouns post- meaning after, productive with nouns and adjectives pre- meaning before, in advance, productive with nouns, adjectives and verbs re- meaning again, back, productive with verbs and nouns,
