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1、大学英语语法 English Grammar,齐大外语学院英语系 高妍Mar.5 2009,大学英语语法 第一讲 主谓一致,第一讲 主谓一致 Subject-verb Concord,“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系， 这又叫做“主-动一致”（ Subject-verb Concord ）。,指导原则,1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord) 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 The number of erro
2、rs was surprising. Jane and Mary look alike. 2. 意义一致原则 （Notional Concord） 1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。 The crowd were running for their lives. 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。 2) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。 The news was very exciting. 形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics, econom
3、ics等。 3. 就近原则（Principle of Proximity） 谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not only, but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。 Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.,I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致,1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数arthritis:关节炎 bronchitis :支气管炎 mumps:腮腺炎 diabetes:糖尿病 phlebitis:静脉炎
4、但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数 darts:投镖游戏 dominoes:多米诺骨牌 marbles:打弹子游戏 billiards:台球 但cards(打纸牌)用复数； 当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数 Darts is often played in English pubs. Two darts are thrown at every turn.,3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数 mathematics:数学 physics:物理学 optics:光学 statistics:统计学 politics:政治
5、学 acoustics:声学/音响效果 economics:经济学 athletics:体育学 mechanics:机械学 semantics:语义学 linguistics:语言学 tactics:兵法/策略 当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数 Statistics is not as difficult as some people think. The latest statistics on crime are beyond description. 注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数 classics:杰作,著作 comics:连环图画 ethics: 伦理学 cosmet
6、ics:化妆品,4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等通常用作复数 the West Indies西印度群岛 the Bahamas巴哈马群岛 the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉 the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡 the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布 the Rockies 落基山脉 但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands（荷兰）。5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。 scissors剪子
7、shears 大剪刀 pincers 、tongs 钳子 pliers 老虎钳 pajamas 睡衣，宽长裤 suspenders吊裤带 knickers短裤，灯笼裤 pants 裤子 jeans 工装裤 shorts 短裤 briefs 三角裤 shoes glasses/spectacles 眼镜 binoculars 望远镜 chopsticks 如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数 A pair of shoes was on the desk.,6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数archives:档案 arms:武器eaves:屋檐 contents:内容goo
8、ds:货物 suburbs:郊区thanks:谢意 wages: 工资stairs:楼梯 remains:遗体morals:道德，品行 minutes:记录注:whereabouts(行踪，下落)，dramatics(舞台艺术)可用单/复数7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数clippings:剪下来的东西 filings:锉屑earnings:收入 diggings:掘出的东西lodgings:租的房间 surroundings:环境sweepings:扫拢的垃圾注:tidings( 消息,音信)可用作单或复数,.以结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复
9、数；意义不同，单复数也不同barracks:营房 headquarters:总部means:方法,手段,工具 series:系列species:种类 works:工厂 crossroads:十字路口This glass works was set up in 2008.These glass works are near the railway station.9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同Whats the odds?有什么要紧？=what does it matter? （差别）The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）The martyrs
10、 remains were buried at the foot of the hill.遗体Here is the remains of the temple.遗迹,练习： 1.The Alps (covers, cover) an area of 200,000 square kilometers and (is ,are) the greatest mountain range in Europe. 2.Draughts (is, are) an easier game than chess. 3.What (is, are) his politics ? 4.The remains o
11、f Shakespeare (is, are) buried on Stratford-on-Avon. 5.Politics (is, are) the art or science of government. 6.Mr Smiths morals (is, are) above criticism. 7.Usually a bird species facing the danger of extinction( gains, gain) public recognition. 8 The species of fish in the aquarium (is, are) numerou
12、s.,II. 集体名词（Collective Noun）作主语的主谓一致,1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people, police, folk, youth, cattle, poultry, militia, vermin His cattle were still lean. Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of. Many cattle are kept. 饲养了很多牲畜。 Several hundred police were on duty.几百个警察在执勤。 The police are searching for
13、him. 2.通常用作单数的集体名词:advice, baggage, equipment, information, knowledge, machinery, scenery, news, foliage, merchandise, furniture The merchandise on display in the shop window is very good. All the machinery is new. 3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family, army, group, committee, company, government, enemy, class
14、, team, party, club, majority, crowd, audience, jury, union, fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，public His family are all music lovers. His family isnt large. His family_ going to have a long journey. The whole family _ watching TV.,练习： 1.The jury _in opinion about “sentence of death.” A. disagrees B
15、. disagree C. agrees D. has disagreed 2.Today the public _about the way nature is being ruined. A. are concerned B. is concerned C. have been concerned D. is being concerned 3.The committee cant come to a decision because _at odds. A. it has B. they have C. it is D. they are 4.The majority _on Bens side, but Peter disagrees with them on two points. A. were B. was C. is D. are,
