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1、句子成分,句子主要成分,主语（subject） 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从
2、句是真正主语）,谓语（predicate)：说明主语的动作、状态和特征。情况（动作或状态），由动词或动词短语担任, 有各种时态、语态、语气等形式变化 We are Chinese. She is in charge of this. 负责 He is sleeping now. （现在进行时） English is spoken all over the world. （被动语态） If only I could fly!（虚拟语气）,宾语(object/o)：在及物动词之后，表示行为的对象或结果，同样由名词或相当名词的其他词（如代词、动名词、动词不定式等）短语或从句担任 1）动作的承受者-动
3、宾 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake Under the snow, there are many rock
4、s.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.,定语(attribute)：修饰或限制名词/代词，由形容词、或其他相当的词（如冠词、代词和数词等）、短语或从句担任Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词） We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over
5、 there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）,状语(adverbial modifier)：修饰动词、形容词、副
6、词或整个句子，由副词或其他相当的词、短语或从句担任, 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If yo
7、u study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.,Complement 补语，有两种，一个是主语补语，一个是宾语补语。主语补语就是补全主语的，宾语补语就是补全宾语的，可以用名词或形容词充当。 He was elected monitor.他被选作班长。 （monitor是主语he的补语。如果只说到elected，句子的意思就不完整的） I painted the bookcase pink.我把书架刷成了粉色。 （pink是宾语补语，补充
8、说明宾语bookcase的内容，使句子意思完整）,宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名） We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. (介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a
9、lesson. （带to不定式） Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）,表语（predicative） 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语) My watc
10、h is gone missing lost. （形容词化的分词） To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句） （常见的系动词有 be, sound（听起来）, look/seem/appear（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, get, turn, become remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） . It sounds a good idea. The sou
11、nd sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.,小结,英语里的句子必须要有主语，只能用具备名词性质的单位才能充当，如名词、代词等，动词需变为不定式（即to/-ing) 英语里的句子谓语必须是动词，而且一定需要有形式变化，时态并与主保持数的一致 及物动词(vt)才可以带宾语,英语里句子的宾语同样只能用具备名词性质的单位才能充当，如名词、代词等，动词需
12、变为不定式（即to/-ing) 某些动词可以带有两个宾语，分直接和间接 为补充说明宾语的信息，可以有宾语补足语，由名词/形容词等充当,按照结构分： 简单句：只有一个主谓结构，而句子的各个成分仅用单词或短语表示（不管句子的长短） Think more. The past perfect tense is used: (1) to speak of an action concluded before a certain time in the past or before the time of the occurrence of another action (denoted by the S
13、imple past Tense, (2)(3),注意：有时，两个或以上的主语可以共用一个谓语，或两个以上的谓语共用一个主语，甚至两个主语和两个谓语，这些情况仍属于简单句。 The infinitive, the participles and the gerund are the non-finites. （共用主语） The boy jumped out bed, dressed hurriedly and ran downstairs. （多个谓语） The teachers and the students all liked the place and wanted to stay
14、there a little longer. （多个主谓、语）,并列句: 句子包含有两个以上非主从关系的主谓结构，互不依存，分句之间必须有连词。 The camera-work（拍摄） is perfect and the cast（表演） is good. Honey（蜂蜜） is sweet, but the bee stings（刺）. Dont swear（骂人）, for I dislike swearing. We must redouble our efforts, or well never be able to catch up with the others. My fri
15、end is coming here tomorrow, so you might as well come with her.,复合句：句子包含有两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个为另一个中的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或同位语，主从句之间必须有连词。 What I want to emphasize is this. (主语从句） We should never pretend to know what we dont know. （宾语从句） There is something in what you said. （介词宾语从句） Thats exactly what I am
16、planning to do. （表语从句） We are looking forward to the day when we will meet again. （定语从句） Turn off the light before you leave the room.（状语从句） Soon came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. （同位语从句）,英语句法基本特征,1 必须有主语（主语优势） 2 以主谓（定式动词)结构为轴 3 主语和谓语必须在人称和数上保持一致,对比：汉语的简单句法总体特征,综合性语言，语法单位之间无需联合词，词也基本无形态变化， 他拿了苹果就走。（时间先后顺序） 成绩差通不过。（因果关系）,1 可以没有主语，只有谓语，如：下雨了。 2 可以只有主语，没有谓语，如 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马（马致远） 鸡鸣茅店月，人迹板桥霜（温庭筠） 3 可以没有动词，如：明天晴天（主谓句） 4 可以有数个动词，如：我去工商管理局办手续开公司。 此外，还有： 票！(独词句）,
