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1、General Safety Information 硫化氢基本常识及一般安全信息,Training Course,H2S,Basic Awareness and,2,Introduction 介绍,Ignorance breeds fear. The purpose of this training is to present the facts about Hydrogen Sulfide in order to eliminate the element of fear when working in an H2S environment. 无知会导致恐惧。这培训目的是为了员工了解硫化氢
2、性质以消除在硫化氢工作环境中的恐惧感。A common hazard associated with the production and processing of oil and gas is the potential for exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is highly toxic. 潜在的暴露于剧毒硫化氢是石油和天然气的生产处理过程中的常见危害。Accidents and incidents involving H2S can be prevented by good engineering, job planning, tra
3、ining and the proper use of personnel protective equipment. 硫化氢意外事件和事故都可以通过好的工程控制措施，工作计划，培训和正确使用个人保护设备来预防它们的发生。,3,General Safety Information 一般安全信息,Hydrogen Sulfide is a highly toxic, invisible, and explosive gas, which is heavier than air. H2S is sometimes present in natural gas and is perhaps the
4、most dangerous gas encountered in field petroleum operations. 硫化氢是剧毒，无色，易爆炸气体。它的比重比空气重。硫化氢有时存在于天然气中, 是石油开采作业中的最主要的危险气体。Hydrogen sulfide may be present in natural gas produced alone or in combination with crude oil. 硫化氢可能单独出现在天然气里也可能混合在原油内出现。Concentration may range from 0.1ppm to a level that will re
5、sult in sudden death. 它的浓度可以从0.1ppm 到能导致人迅速死亡的浓度。,4,Requirement/Guideline 要求/方针,It is imperative that all personnel who may be exposed to H2S receive ongoing training on the source and hazards of H2S. This training must at least cover the following topics: 必须对所有可能接触硫化氢的人员进行硫化氢的来源和危害培训。培训至少要包括以下主题：Ba
6、sic awareness of H2S 硫化氢的基本常识 Places where H2S is likely to accumulate. 什么地方容易积聚硫化氢 Procedures for testing and measuring H2S concentration. 探测和测量硫化氢浓度的程序 The use of self-contained or air supplied breathing apparatus. 怎样使用自供气式空气呼吸器,5,Where H2S may be present on FPSO 在我们油轮哪里可能出现硫化氢,FPSOSTP roomMain pu
7、mp roomAll process areasDischarge side of any piping Cargo Oil pipe and tanks,6,Sources of Possible H2S Releases 可能出现硫化氢释放的源头,Seals 密封 Fittings 连接装置 Flanges 法兰 Process vessels (condensers) 生产容器（冷凝器） Drains Sample valves排水沟 取样阀 Ruptures 断裂,7,Other H2S gas potential industries 其它有可能存在硫化氢的产业,Animal fat
8、 & food processors 动物脂肪和食品加工厂 Fishing vessels 鱼船 Livestock farmers 家畜农场 Mining industry 矿业 Natural gas production 天然气生产 Septic tanks & sewage plants 腐烂物的容器 和污水处理厂 Tunnel work 隧道作业,8,H2S gas key points 硫化氢气体的要点,Extremely toxic 剧毒 Colourless 无色 Heavier than air 比空气重 Readily disperses by the wind 易被风吹散
9、 Smells like rotten eggs in small concentrations 在低浓度时有类似臭鸡蛋的气味。 Highly corrosive to certain materials 对一些材料具有高腐蚀性。 Burns with a blue flame and produces SO2 燃烧时有蓝色火焰产生二氧化硫 Ignition temperatures 260 deg. 燃点在260度,9,Hydrogen Sulfide Physical Properties 硫化氢的物理性质,Hydrogen sulfide is colorless 硫化氢没有颜色 Hea
10、vier than air in pure concentration 比重比空气重 Can be lighter when mixed with other gases. 混合其它气体可以比空气轻 In small concentrations it smells like rotten eggs. 在低浓度时有臭鸡蛋的气味 H2S is very explosive 硫化氢是易爆气体 Critical temperature is 212 deg.f 临界温度在212度 Critical perssure is 1306 PSI 临界压力在1306PSI Automatic ignitio
11、n 500 deg.f 自燃点在500度,10,H2S gas toxicity table 硫化氢的毒性表,0.13 ppm Minimum perceptible odor 最小在0.13PPM可以察觉到气味。10 ppm Beginning eye irritation在10PPM 10PPM时眼睛开始感到不舒服。100 ppm Loss of sense of smell. Coughing 在100PPM时嗅觉被损伤，咳嗽。500 Loss of consciousness possible death within an hour 在500PPM时失去意识，一小时内可能死亡。700
12、 ppm Rapid loss of consciousness and respiration 在700PPM时迅速地失去意识和呼吸。1000 ppm Unconscious at once death occur almost at once在1000PPM时几乎立刻死亡。,11,What is the unit ppm? PPM是什么单位？,PPM = parts per million PPM=1/百万 1 ppm corresponds to 1 mm in I kilometre 1 ppm 相当于1公里中的1毫米 1 ppm = 0.0001% 20ppm = 0.002% 10
13、00ppm = 0.1%,12,H2S gas effect 硫化氢的影响,The effect on individuals depend on the following factors对个人的影响取决于以下因素 Duration 持续时间The length of time the individual is exposed暴露时间的长短 Frequency 频率 Number of times the individual has been exposed. 暴露的次数 Intensity 强度The concentration level 接触的浓度 Personal factors
14、 各人因素Individual susceptibility and physiological condition各人的感受性和生理状况,13,H2S gas exposure limits 硫化氢的暴露极限,Occupational Safety and health职业安全和健康 Administration (OSHA) has allowed for H2S:职业安全和健康管理部门允许的时间* 8 hour TWA = 10 PPM8-小时（TWA)= 10 PPM * 10 min STEL = 15 PPM10-分钟(STEL)= 15 PPMTWA: Time Weighed
15、Average 时间加权平均STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit 短期暴露极限H2S TLV = 10 PPM; Lethal limit: 600 ppm 硫化氢 时间界限值10PPM: 致命界限：600M,14,H2S gas explosive range 硫化氢气体的爆炸范围,Diesel = 1 1.2% 柴油1-1.2% Gasoline = 1 7% 汽油 H2S gas = 4.3- 46% 硫化氢气体4.3-46%,15,When burning H2S gas 当硫化氢气体燃烧,Complete: 完全燃烧2 H2S + 3 O2 2 SO2 +
16、2 H2O Incomplete: 不完全燃烧2 H2S + O2 2 H2O + 2S,16,Sulphide Stress Cracking SSC破裂,Brittle failure by cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and H2S. 有水和硫化氢存在,张应力和腐蚀会导致脆化破裂。When hydrogen molecules are formed from the hydrogen ions and the electrons a
17、volume expansion takes place。 当氢离子和电子结合生成氢原子其体积发生膨胀。,17,Hydrogen Atom 氢原子,Hydrogen sulfide can cause damage even catastrophic failure in high strength components.硫化氢的破坏作用能使一些高强度的零部件造成重大损害。The presence of hydrogen sulfide tends to cause hydrogen atoms to enter the metal rather than form hydrogen molecules that can not enter the metal.硫化氢的存在可以促使氢原子进入金属内部。The hydrogen atom migrate into the steel， When two hydrogen atoms come together I the steel structure, a hydrogen molecule is formed and will cause an expansion.氢原子在钢铁内部移动与另一个氢原子结合形成分子然后膨胀。,
