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1、定语从句the Attributive Clause,1定语从句：2先行词： 3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：,Revision,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。,被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。,A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。,关系代词的一般用法 先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词
2、是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。,This is the man _helped me yesterday. The teacher (_) you want to see is coming. I met a boy _father was a astronaut. Here is the coat _will be made to you. This is the factory (_) we visited last year. He h
3、as a book _ cover (=the cover_) is very beautiful.,who,who/whom/that,whose,which/that,which/that,whose,of which,（作定语）,(作主语),(作see的宾语，可以省略),(作定语),(作主语）,(作visited的宾语，可以省略),关系副词的一般用法 关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。 when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词； where的先行词通常是place, city,
4、 town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词； why的先行词只能是reason。 关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。,There are occasions _ one must yield. （屈服） Beijing is the place _ I was born. Is this the reason _ he refused our offer?,when (=on which),where (=in which),why (=for which),注意：先行
5、词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。,(1)The factory _his father worked has closed. 比较：The factory _was built in 1978 has closed. (2) Ill never forget the days _ we lived together. 比较：Ill never forget the days (_) we spent in Australia. (3) The reason (_) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 比较：
6、The reason (_ ) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.,where,(作状语),which/that,(作主语),when,(作状语),that,(作及物动词spent的宾语),why,(作状语，用关系副词),that,(作gave的宾语，用关系代词),在定语从句中，关系代词 which 和 that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意： 只能用that而不能用which的情形 (1) 当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none 及 some-, any-, no-,
7、every- 与 thing 所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如： There is nothing that will stop us making progress. (2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如： This is the only problem that we cant work out.,(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如： This is the most interesting book that I ha
8、ve ever read. (4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如： Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. (5) 当先行词在主句中作表语时，只能用that。如： This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. (6) 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用 that。如： Which is the picture that you drew yesterday?,只能用which而不能用that的
9、情形 (1) 当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用 which。如： The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. (2) 关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如： The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. (3) 先行词为代词 that 或 that 所修饰时，只能用 which。如： I dont take that which is too expensive.,who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解在定语从句中，关系代词w
10、ho (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用， 一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形 (1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如： My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. (2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如： Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to
11、the students? (3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。Those who want to go there come here please.,(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如： Anyone who is against us is our enemy. (5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如： The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in
12、 a few days. (6) 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom)。 There are students in our class who / whom you have met. (7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如： The boy that you met just now is Li Mings brother who just graduated from a university.,二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形 (1) 当先行词前
13、面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如： The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. (2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如： He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. (3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如： Who is woman that you
14、talked with just now?,(4) the same as 与 the same that the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如： She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：,一、 非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。
15、如： 1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。 二、 非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。 如： 1. I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。 2. I had told them the reason why I
16、didnt attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“the reason why.”是常见搭配。),三、 非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。 如： 1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所预料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。,四、 非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。 如： 1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。,
