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1、文献综述与论文写作方法,文献综述与论文写作方法,研究与写作的重要性,思想、知识来自实践，现代社会主要来自科学研究。 思想主要通过文字形式得以表达、交流和传播。文章是“看得见、流动性的思想”。 论文是学业的总结和才智的表现。在信息时代，学位论文不仅要保留在档案中，而且还要作为公共性的知识产品，放在图书馆、互联网上，供人们免费查阅。 论文不及格，至少不能毕业。 在人生和职业生涯中，研究与写作能力将发挥重要作用。,研究能力,写作能力,重要的人力资本！,什么是研究？,研究不是偶然发现，但偶然发现可能导致有成效的研究； 研究并非是汇集数据和以某种形式表示出数据（有效性、条理性、论证性）； 研究不是概括总
2、结已有的成果。,研究是寻找对所研究问题的解释、确定因果关系的过程，其目的是揭示事物的本质和规律； 研究过程生成新知识并检验其有效性； 研究活动的成果可以用作决策依据。,研究是一个探索新知识的过程，需要有条理地组织执行，以便能够对所获得知识的可靠性进行严谨的检验。,研究时如何解决这些问题？,选题？ 论证？ 文献综述？ 论文写作？ 学术规范？,一、选 题,发现和提出命题,研究对象和选题：通过观察、实验、调查、文献检索，发现和提出命题（真假，大小等）。 一个有意义的命题：在逻辑或数学的形式上是真实的；它本身是关于事实的命题。 提出命题的途径： （1）归纳。知识起源于感性世界（培根），观察、经验、实验
3、是提出问题、归纳分析的基础。 （2）假说（猜测，假设）。 建议：既要走入社会，又要钻进图书馆。,如何选择论文题目？,符合专业 大小适中 结合实际 简短精炼 力争创新,专业符合 经济 财税 国贸 金融、信用管理 保险、投资 选题大小 我国社会保障效益研究我国社保基金绩效研究江苏社保基金运营绩效研究南京养老保险基金运营绩效研究,结合实际 结合地方实际 结合当前具体问题实际 结合自己能力实际 结合自己工作意向、兴趣爱好实际 简短精炼 金融危机对我国制造业发展的影响与对策研究 金融危机对我国制造业的影响与对策 关于江苏省体育旅游的发展研究 江苏体育旅游发展研究,力争创新 抓住热点 美国国家信用危机对债
4、权国的影响 欧洲债务危机下人民币国际化发展对策 青奥会对南京经济增长空间的预测分析 抓住行业关键问题 土地供应双轨制下侵权问题研究 我国高铁与航空的博弈分析 具一定理论意义 新个税法调节收入分配的实证分析 我国宏观调控的管理体系分析及其对策,成功的选题,从一个主题角度开始 找出主题词 检索并从中找到研究的思路 从一篇高质量论文开始 了解目前论文所涉及到内容的最新动态 现有的理论基础和经典方法 从一个新概念开始（如：公共财政体系） 跟踪最新的研究方法及其成果 聚焦新成果的快讯报道,二、论 证,(1)了解课题的理论基础，梳理课题的研究脉络； (2)了解某一理论的发展以获悉新的思路； (3)课题研究
5、的理论和现实意义； (4)主要观点，研究的基本思路和方法； (5)确立研究的基本内容。,论证要解决哪些问题？,逻辑分析,逻辑学的核心是关于推理及其有效性的判定，是从真的前提通过推理而获得真的结论，是研究命题之间的推论关系。 配第注重归纳； 魁奈注重理性分析和演绎； 斯密开始将这两种方法结合起来。,模型分析,模型的类型：（1）文字叙述，如科斯，诺斯等。（2）图形分析。（3）数学模型。描述经济的某些特征，特别是变量之间的关系。 大部分经济现象即使不用数学也能讲清楚它的因果关系，当然要求运用语言时逻辑要严谨，一环扣一环，而且推论必须和所要解释的现象一致。,经验、数据和实证分析,实证主义对经济学的影响
6、是强调现实经济行为的数量表示，以及运用统计和计量方法对理论假设或命题的证明，因为只有当经济学知识能够还原、表示为可观察、数量性的命题时，才易于被经验检验和证实。 收集、整理相关的数据、用统计学方法描述数据的特征、用计量经济学方法检验各个经济变量之间的因果关系。,如何在茫茫书海中搜索我要的文献？,如何在大量文献中发现命题发展的脉络？,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cell survival. They
7、 not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cell survival.
8、They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cell surviv
9、al. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cell su
10、rvival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cel
11、l survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for
12、 cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical
13、 for cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is crit
14、ical for cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is
15、critical for cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids
16、 is critical for cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,Synthesis of Amino AcidsSynthesis and/or collection of Synthesis and/or collection of amino acids is critical for cell survival. They not only serve as the building blocks for proteins but also as starting points for the synthesis of many important cellular molecules including vitamins and nucleotides.,
