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1、Chapter 8,Revision, Polishing and the Final Draft,Revision,Question: How should we revise the first or the second draft?,Revision,Whether a beginner or a professional, every writer must revise, that is, go back over the first draft or the second draft of a thesis, rewriting unclear sentences, adding
2、 details or examples, crossing out unnecessary words or ideas, and perhaps rearranging parts. In other words, never hand in the first version of any paragraph or essay, but revise then rewrite, creating the best paper of which you are capable.,Brainstorm Reasons for Revision,Features of Effective Se
3、ntences,1.Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. E.g. : Faulty: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. Revised: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang period. 2.Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.
4、 E.g. : Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. Revised: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.,Features of Effective Sentences,3.Conciseness: A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. 4.Emphasis: When there is an important idea, it s
5、hould be expressed with emphasis. 5.Variety is essential to good writing. (short: long; simple: compound and complex; statement: question, command or exclamation; periodic: loose),Features of Effective Sentences,6.Consistency: All good writing is consistent. That is, each sentence and each paragraph
6、 in the final draft should move along smoothly, without confusing shifts in tense, number, person, or discourse. E.g. : Faulty: We stroll down Bourbon Street as the jazz bands began to play. Revised: We strolled down Bourbon Street as the jazz bands began to play.,Revision,After you have taken a bre
7、ak, you can criticize and make changes on the first draft. You might notice these problems: The beginning of the paragraph isnt very lively. The wording in several sentences sounds too informal or even babyish. The relationship between ideas could be clearer More details could be added in a few spot
8、s or taken out in others. There are a few spelling or punctuation errors.,Suggestions,Go back to revise your first draft one or more times. It may necessary to rewrite the paper after youve made changes on the original version, and then to make further changes on the rewritten version. At various st
9、ages in the revising process, read your paper aloud and read the final version to someone else if possible.,The Final Draft,After you feel satisfied with your revisions, you can then make a clean copy of the final draft according to the format your instructor recommends. That, basically, is how the
10、writing process works. First, you discover and begin to organize your ideas. Next, you write a first draft. And finally, you revise it as many times as necessary to make it clear, lively, logical, and legible.,Summary,In the writing process, you should consider your subject, your audience, and your
11、purpose; discover your ideas by putting them into words; decide what to include and how to organize it; write a first draft (and dont worry about making it perfect); take a break, then criticize and revise the first draft (making changes on the original if you wish); read your paper aloud, preferabl
12、y to another person; proofread the final draft for spelling errors, repeated words, or words left out.,Polishing,Recopy your final draft, and then proofread it for words left out, words repeated, spelling errors, and punctuation errors.,Homework,Read the special topics in accordance with your interest.,
