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1、Part Seven,Formal and Informal Styles,Contents,1. The meaning of style 2. The elements that makes a style 3. Tips to write a more formal paper,1. The meaning of style- a writers habitual or peculiar way of using language;- the prevalent features of the language of a certain period;- the characterist
2、ic aspects of the language of a certain type of writing;- the grace or elegance in writing 2. The elements that makes a styleThe tone, vocabulary, and syntax,3. Tips to write a more formal paper,Avoid using colloquial and slang words/expressions Dont use: good, bad, fine, kid, guy, cool, lousy,Inste
3、ad we make them clear, distinctive, and impressive words: a diligent student, a responsible husband, a feasible idea, an agreeable weather, a crying child, an unscrupulous (无耻的，肆无忌惮的) exploitation, a retrospective man,Formal writing is more likely to use words of Latin and Greek origin than words of
4、 German and Old English origin. eg. Less formal words: begin, deep, lucky, end v., build, raise, clear, same, try, strange More formal words: commence, profound, fortunate, terminate, construct, elevate, explicit, identical, endeavor, eccentric,Avoid contractions Write out full words cannot, will no
5、t, should not, must not, do not Avoid using abbreviated wordsUse full versions:eg. photo, TV, sth, sb, ads, fridge, vet, bike, gym, popThe following expressions are expected:photograph, television, something, somebody, advertisement, refrigerator, veteran, bicycle, gymnasium, popular Use passive voi
6、ce e.g. It has been noticed thatIt is estimated thatThere has been an increasing interest in,Omit needless wordseg. You know, you see, lets see, as I know, well, State your points confidently and offer your argument firm support. Write in third person Longer and more complex sentences are preferred
7、Avoid addressing readers using second person pronouns Use: one, ones, the reader, the readers, etc.),Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Use: “additionally, moreover, furthermore” instead of “also”, “and”Use: “nevertheless, however” instead of “but”Use: “alternatively” instead o
8、f “or”eg. “Also read Chapters Two and Three.“,Phrasal verbs are colloquial and often used in conversational style. eg. go on, look into, come across, put up with, get away, turn out, give out, set out, bring sb. in danger (Less formal) Formal expressions: continue/proceed, meet/encounter, bear/endur
9、e/tolerate, escape, produce/manufacture, distribute,depart, endanger,Try to use just one powerful adjective instead of using an adjective and an adverb, and your writing will be stronger. “very good“ - “excellent”, “perfect”“Very nice“ - “delightful“, “marvelous”, “glamorous”, “appealing” “Very bad“
10、 - “terrible“,”awful”,”unsatisfied” “Very poor” -”poverty, impoverished, inferior quality”,In informal English who can be used instead of whom as an object in questions. Who (Whom) did you see in that room ? In informal English that can often be left out before an object clause, especially after ver
11、bs of saying or thinking. eg. She said (that) she would come.He told me (that) he liked the house.I think (that) its a good idea.,Participal phrases (分词短语)are generally used in formal style. Change the following into more formal sentences: eg. When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to
12、 put off the voyage. (Less formal) Having been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage. The team was badly defeated in the match, and they returned in low spirits. (Less formal) Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirits. She decided to go home at
13、once. She knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her. (Less formal) She decided to go home at once, knowing that her mother was anxious waiting for her.,How to enlarge your vaocabulary,Read ! Reading not only helps improve your vocabulary, but also helps you distinguish between formal and informa
14、l writing. Use a thesaurus！ If you find that you are using a particular word too often, you may want to replace it with another term. Be a prepared man ！,Lets try to rewrite,Exercise 1: Rewrite the informal letter into a formal one,John,Im looking for a job, and Ive heard through the grapevine that
15、you need a workhorse for your shop. Well, Im the man of the hour, as Ive got a lot to offer. Im pretty hard-working, and Im really good about being on time. Im also used to working by myself. Anyway, tell me whether you want to get together for an interview, okay?,Reference: A formal, professional l
16、etter,Dear John:I understand that you are looking for a strong worker to assist you in your shop. I should appreciate consideration because I am diligent, punctual, and accustomed to working with minimal supervision. Please contact me if you are interested in arranging an interview. I thank you for your time.Respectfully,Exercise 2 Rewrite the informal paragraph into a more formal one,You know that book I wrote? Well, the publishing company rejected it. They thought it was awful. But hey, I did the best I could, and I think it was great. Im not gonna redo it the way they said I should.,
