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1、Lesson One,How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience John Kenneth Galbraith,1.John Kenneth GalbraithLifeWorksAchievement 2.John M Keynes and his economic theory in 1930s 3.Gini-Co-efficient 4.Social Darwinism 5.Supply-side economics,6.Paul M Warburg 7.Lanssez faire 8.NIT 9.Milton Friedman 10.Adam Smith
2、David RicardoJohn D.Recketfeller,John Kenneth Galbraith,Born:October 15,1908 Died :April 29,2006(aged 97)A Canadian-American economist A Keynesian （凯恩斯主义者）an institutionalist（经济思想史上的制度学派）,Early life and teaching:,1934 Ph.D in agricultural economics from the University of California, Berkeley. Became
3、 a tutor at Harvard University 1937 A year-long fellowship at the University of Cambridge(where he was influenced by John Maynard Keynes),1939-1940 Taught at Princeton University 1949 Appointed professor of economics at Harvard Served as deputy head of the Office of Price Administration worked for F
4、ortune Magazine for 5 years where he expounded （详细说明）Keynesianism to the American business leadership,During World War II,1961-1963As an adviser to President John F. Kennedy, Galbraith was appointed United States Ambassador to India 1972Served as president of the American Economic Association 2006Di
5、ed in Cambridge,Works,Although he was a president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith was considered an iconoclast （打破旧习的人）by many economists 1977 The Age of Uncertainty for BBC television Hundreds of essays and a number of novels: Among his novels, A Tenured Professor achieved particula
6、r critical acclaim.,Some of Kenneths famous economics books,1952 American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power 1954 Best seller The Great Crash, 1929 1958 The Affluent Society 1973 Economics and the Public Purpose 1994 A Short History of Financial Euphoria,Honors,1985 The American Humanis
7、t Association named him the Humanist of the Year 1993 Lomonosov Gold Medal 1997 Order of Canada (Officer) 2000 Awarded the U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom 2001 Padma Vibhushan (India),John M.Keynes,John Maynard Keynes(5 June 1883 21 April 1946) A British economist whose ideas have profoundly aff
8、ected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.,Economic theory in 1930s(because of the Great Depression),The General Theory of Employment, Interest and MoneyThe central argument: the level of employment is determined, not by the price of labour as in
9、 neoclassical （新古典主义的）economics, but by the spending of money (aggregate demand 总需求),under-employment and under-investment are likely to be the natural state unless active measures are taken activist economic policy by government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment, for example by spen
10、ding on public works. The General Theory is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics,Gini-coefficient 基尼系数,A measure of statistical dispersion （离差） developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado GiniAn internationally recognised measure usually only applied to the wealt
11、h of countriesThe inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example levels of income or wealth),Social Darwinism 社会达尔文主义,A theory that persons, groups, and “races“ are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had proposed for plants and animals in nature.,Social
12、 Darwinism,Social Darwinists, held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest“ （适者生存） The theory was used from the late 19th century to support laissez-faire（放任政策） capitalism and political conservatism（保守主义） Social Darwinism declined as scientif
13、ic knowledge expanded,Supply-side economic 供应经济学,Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic (整体经济） thought Economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by a
14、llowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation.,Supply-side economic,According to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices.,Paul Moritz Warburg 保罗莫里茨,Early life Born in Hamburg, Germany, to the Warburg banking family. 1886 he
15、entered the employ of Simon Hauer, a Hamburg importer and exporter, to learn the fundamentals of business practice.,Paul Moritz Warburg,Career 1907 became known as a persuasive advocate （律师）of central banking in America 1910 was elected a director of Wells Fargo & Company 1913 His efforts were succe
16、ssful with the founding of the Federal Reserve System 1919 founded and became first chairman of the American Acceptance Council.,laissez-faire 放任政策/不干涉主义,From the French, meaning to leave alone or to allow to do It is thought that the term originated with Franois Legendres usage of it in the mid-seventeenth century. Laissez-faire capitalism is an economic system,Negative income tax （NIT）负所得税,In economics, a negative income tax is a progressive income tax system where people earning below a certain amount receive supplemental pay from the government instead of paying taxes to the government.,
