新编英语教程5unit12

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1、Unit 12 The Science of Custom I. Dictionary work Uniquely:distinctively Aberrant:deviating from what is usual or normal Pristine:unchanged by later developments, pure Edit: alter, adapt, or refine, especially to bring abut conformity to a standard Vernacular:everyday language or speech Accommodation

2、:adaptation Incumbent(upon someone): being the duty,or responsibility (of someone) 8. Unintelligible:not understandable 9. Hold sway over: have a control over 10.sophistication: intellectual development, refinement, worldly knowledge or experience,II. Library work 1. John Dewey(1859-1952), U.S. phil

3、osophe, psychologist, and educator, was one of the founders of the philosophical school of pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and representative of the progressive movement in U.S. education.,2.Custom 1)definition (uncountable)-usual and generally accepted behavior among members of a so

4、cial group, e.g.,the custom of giving presents and visiting friends and relatives at the Spring Festival (countable)-a particular way of behaving which, because it has long been established, is observed by individuals and social groups, e.g., It is the old mans custom to take a long walk every morni

5、ng.,2) Customs effect on our life Custom affects our life in various ways. For example, on New Years Day, one is not sup-posed to curse; in Western society, perhaps “ladies first” is still observed. 3) Cause of differences in custom The causes are many and varied,e.g., peoples beliefs, the physical

6、environment, supersti-tions, etc.,3. Habit refers more often to the way of an individual Than to the way of a community. The term applies to a way of behaving (as in acting or thinking) which has become so natural to one through repetition that it is done unconsciously or without premeditation, e.g.

7、, “Hehas acquire the habit of clearing his throat before he speaks in public. 4. Behavior refers to a persons actions in general or on a particular occasion. It may be thought of as instinctive or as voluntary and, hence, as either a,Spontaneous expressions of personality or character or as the resu

8、lt of training or breeding. 5.Institution refers to a habit, custom, etc., which has been in existence for a long time, e.g. “The institution of slavery was once widespread in the south of the United States.” 6. Culture, in anthropology, refers to the way of life of a society. The customs, ideas and

9、 attitudes shared by a group, which make up its culture, are transmitted form generation to generation by learning processes rather than by biological inheritance. Basically, each human group has its own distinctive culture.,7. Singular pluralcactus cactifungus funginucleus nucleialumnus alumnibacil

10、lus bacillistimulus stimulinebula nebulaeformula formulaevertebra vertebraealumna alumnae,III.Paraphrase: (ll.35-37)The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and stands traditionally handed down in his community.A persons life is, above all else, shape

11、d by conformity to the customs passed down in his society. 2. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. (ll.43-45)We cannot understand the complexities of human life unless we know the role of custom in all its manife

12、station.,any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. (ll.48-49)If we conduct any systematic inquiry, it is essential for use to be unbiased/ we need to be unbiased towards every component part of

13、 the subject under examination. 4. Anthropology was by definition impossible as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over peoples minds.(ll.56-58),Incest taboo among the Navaho peo

14、ple. Social dancing between a clan brother and sister in the Navaho community is considered to be “incest” and is not allowed. It is as serious an offense as going to bed with ones own grown-up brother in other communities.,IV. Organization The Thesis:The fact of first-rate importance is the predomi

15、nant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.(para.1) II. The first half of the thesis statement “The role custom plays” is developed (para.2) III. The second half of the thesis statement “the very great varieties of custom” is developed (para

16、s.3&4).,Para.4: No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. Para.5: Any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. Para.6: Anthropology will be impossible if we make the distinction between our own culture and other cultures which we consider primitive, barbarian or pagan.,

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