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1、TOEFL强化班五、六节课 -吴 鹏,Things before us and things behind us are all tiny compared to things within us.,II. 6 Prose Summary Question in TOEFL wupeng,Reading Process,Prose Summary Question Delta P164 OG P 80,先Scan全文的观点处 ；,仅用上述信息做话题不相关排除和矛盾排除一般可以排除2到3个选项；,在根据示范性句子确定, 排除1个不直接相关的选项,而这个选项就是minor ideas。,II. 7
2、 Purpose Question in TOEFL wupeng,Purpose Question Delta P108,解题流程 DELTA P108.1.2.3.4,STEP 1,STEP2,Purpose Question Example,Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so tha
3、t the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg
4、 usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptors aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is cl
5、ear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze). Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?
6、 (OG P43)(A) To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist must overcome(B) To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics(C) To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics(D) To
7、 note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology,Purpose Question Example, Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metalsan environmentally friendly approach known
8、as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots wou
9、ld remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated
10、soils. For example, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.12. Why does the author mention “Ind
11、ian mustard“? (2008. 3.8) O To warn about possible risks involved in phytoremediation O To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediation O To show that hyperaccumulating plants grow in many regions of the world O To explain how zinc contamination can be reduced,Purpose Question Example, Scientis
12、ts have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other mine
13、rals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulat
14、ion of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens. 8. Why does the author mention “herbs“, “shrubs“, and “trees“? (2008. 3.8) O To provide examples of plant types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful minerals O To show why so
15、many plants are hyperaccumulators O To help explain why hyperaccumulators can be found in so many different places O To emphasize that hyperaccumulators occur in a wide range of plant types,Purpose Question Example, A third fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals provide
16、s evidence of the result of the Cambrian explosion. This fossil formation, called the Burgess Shale, is in Yoho National Park in the Canadian Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored
17、 fossilization. These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animal groups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from any modern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups. These unassignable animals include a large swimming predator called A
18、nomalocaris and a soft-bodied animal called Wiwaxia, which ate detritus or algae. The Burgess Shale formation also has fossils of many extinct representatives of modern animal groups. For example, a well-known Burgess Shale animal called Sidneyia is a representative of a previously unknown group of
19、arthropods (a category of animals that includes insects, spiders, mites, and crabs).24. Why does the author mention “Anomalocaris“ and “Wiwaxia“? (2008. 3.8) O To contrast predators with animals that eat plants such as algae O To question the effects of rapid mud slides on fossilization O To suggest that much is still unknown about animals found in the Burgess Shale O To provide examples of fossils that cannot be assigned to a modern animal group,
