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1、Productivity,Productivity,Productivity means the amount of product or services produced with the resources used.生产率是商品和服务的产生的数量与所用资源的比率。不同的行业采用不同的衡量生产率。,A simple way to think of businesss productivity is in terms of:,how much of a product a company produce over a certain period of time 一定时间内某个公司生产产品
2、的数量how much of a product a company sells over a certain period of time 一定时间内某个公司产品的销售数量,how quickly a company performs a certain service 公司服务提供的速度how many customers a company services over a certain period of time 一定时间内公司为多少客户提供服务,Why is it so important?,Its importance to know how hard employees are
3、 working and how much they are producing ,One way to find out is through performance evaluations and productivity measurements,Measures of Productivity,生产率的衡量方法,A company should choose a convenient measure of productivity ,based upon the type of operation a business is involved in and what it is pro
4、ducing . The company also need to choose a time frame in which to measure it.,output can be measured in terms of,volumequantity of items produceddollar value of items produced,For example , a graphic designers productivity may include aspects of how many jobs he or she completes in a month ,as well
5、as how quickly the jobs were produced. A company that builds and sells widgets ,on other hand ,might measure productivity in terms of the number of widgets built and sold over a months time .,Manufacturing business,If a business is involved in manufacturing , consider using output per worker-hour or
6、 number of worker-hours required to produce a single product .,Example,If a company has five employees each of whom works 160 hours per month, and they produce 100 widgets in a month, then the unit cost of a widget is:5 employees x 160 hours=800 worker hours,If the company pays each of the workers $
7、8.00 per hour, then the production cost of the uint is:$8.00 x 800 worker hours = $6400 per month,Service industries,If a business is in a service industry a company may have a harder time measuring productivity due to the somewhat intangible nature of product involved.,Professional employees can ke
8、ep personal time sheets to indicate the number of hours spent on a given task. Quantity of work is a possible measure ,such as number of service calls made per day or number of contracts written .Clerical rical workers can be given specific amounts of work to determine the relative time it takes to
9、complete a given task.,Sales performance,The most effective means of measuring performance by sales representatives is by taking into account and measuring each of these factors:,The volume of sales in dollars per given unit of time: sales volume by itself will not indicate how much profit or loss e
10、ach sale represents, as a salesperson may make too many concessions or sell to poor credit risks in order to make the sale.,The volume of sales in dollars per given unit of time: sales volume by itself will not indicate how much profit or loss each sale represents, as a salesperson may make too many
11、 concessions or sell to poor credit risks in order to make the sale.,The number of new accounts opened.,The number of calls made upon exiting accountds: the number of calls made by a sales representative alone dose not indicate if those accounts with most profit potential are being serviced.,The dol
12、lar amount expended per sale: comparing sales over given periods of time. Say monthly periods each year, will not accounts for changes in products, prices, competition, or routes.,Other methods,A company can also observe the amount of time that a group of employees spends on certain activities (such
13、 as production, travel, or idle time spent waiting for materials or replacing broken equipment). The latter method can determine whether the employees are spending too much time away from production on other aspects of the job that can be controlled by the business.,If a company is using more than o
14、ne measure of productivity, make sure that the standards are comparable. Also, a productivity measurement based on the dollar amount generated per activity should allow for adjustment in inflation rates in order to compare productivity rates over various years.,How to improve producitivity,如何提高生产率,O
15、nce a company has figured out how to measure the businesss productivity, it needs to determine whether productivity is where it should be. This task can be tricky, especially if a company is getting this information for the first time.,Factors to take into consideration are:The cost per unit compare
16、d with price Its competitors productivity levels, cost per unit ,and price,Some of this information may be available from the trade or industry association, or through networking with contacts in similar businesses.,Once a company has established a baseline measure, it can assess productivity period
17、ically and be able to spot trends and track progress over time,After it has assessed its situation, what can a company do to improve productivity ? Identify potential problem areas. The quality of leadership in the business can have an effect on productivity, so make sure that the leader of a company ensure that the business is not suffering form:,
