《高分子导论(2)-结构层次》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高分子导论(2)-结构层次(51页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、聚合物的结构和性能 The structure and properties of polymer,上海交通大学化学化工学院,高分子物理部分,主要参考书:,高分子物理,何曼君等著,复旦大学出版社,1990年。 高聚物结构与性能(第二版),马德柱等著,科学出版社,1995年。 现代高分子物理学,殷敬华,莫志深主编,科学出版社,2001年。 The Chemistry and Physics, G.LEIB,MIR Publishers Moscow,1990高分子物理(中/英文),方征平,宋义虎,沈烈编著,浙江大学出版社,2005,8.1 绪论 Introduction,高分子(聚合物;高聚物)
2、的特征 The characteristic of polymer 聚合物的结构和性能The structure and properties of polymer 教学目的 The educative purpose,高分子结构的主要特点 The structural characteristic of polymer,高分子是由很大数目的重复结构单元组成,它们以共价键相连。每一结构单元相当一个小分子,这些结构单元可以是一种(均聚物),也可以是几种(共聚物),它们以共价键相连接,形成线型分子、支化分子、网状分子等。Polymer is substances whose molecules c
3、onsist of structural units repeating many times. Every structural units corresponds to a small molecules and one polymer molecule may include one, tow and sometimes three or more different repeating structure units. The structural units are combined by covalent bond and become to linear,branched or
4、network polymer.,一般高分子主链都有一定的内旋转自由度,使高分子链具有柔性。Polymer have certain inner rotation characteristic and this result in that the macromolecule chain has flexibility 高分子结构的不均一性是一个显著特点。即使是相同条件下的反应产物,各个分子的分子量、单体单元的键合顺序、空间构型的规整性、支化度、交联度以及共聚物的组成及序列结构等都存在或多或少的差异。Inhomogeneity of polymer structure is marked ch
5、aracteristic. Even if reaction condition is same, the compounds may be isomeric, i.e. molecular-weight, arrangement of structure units in space, branched, cross-linked , component of copolymer and sequence have some difference,高分子的分子间相互作用特别重要。The reciprocity between macromolecules is importance. 高聚物
6、的聚集态有晶态与非晶态之分。The assemble states of polymer are differentiate with crystal and no-crystal 6 . 要使高聚物加工成有用的材料,往往要在其中加入添料、各种助剂、颜料等。有时用两种或两种以上的高聚物共混改性,这些添加物与高聚物之间以及不同的高聚物之间是如何堆砌成整块高分子材料的,又存在者所谓织态结构问题织态结构也是决定高分子材料性能的重要因索。It need that the polymer are added to filler, dye and other agents to process into
7、usable materials. Sometimes two or more different polymer will be blended to improve on properties.,高分子的结构 The struacture of polymer,高分子链内结 (structure of the chain): 近程结构 (short range structure)远程结构 (long-distance structure) 高分子链间结构 (structure between chains) : 晶态结构 (crystal structure) 非晶结构 (no-crys
8、tal structure) 取向结构 (tropism structure) 织态结构 (interlaced structure ),高聚物的性能 The properties of polymer,力学性能(mechanical properties) 流变性能(rheology properties) 电学性能(electricity properties) 热学性能(calorifics properties) 溶液性质(solution properties),新时期对高分子性能的要求 The performance of new polymer materials,能耐受更严酷条
9、件高分子材料polymer materials of resistant to asperity condition (耐超高温、超低温、超高电场等)(resistant to super high and low temperature, super high voltage) 具有特定功能性的高分子材料(polymer materials with special functionality ) (导电功能、超导性能、分离功能、隐身功能以及各种能量转换功能等) (materials with the electric, superconduct, separate, screen and
10、energy change functionality ) 生物高分子领域的应用与研究Application and investigation on biologic macromolecules (生物高分子结构的研究及其人工合成、效仿自 然界天然高分子物质的形成过程等)(investigation and synthesize on the structure biologic macromolecules, simulation on forming process of nature macromolecules),聚合物结构和性能的关系 The relationship betwe
11、en structure and properties of polymer,聚合物的结构structure,聚合物性能properties,聚合物的分子运动 Movement of molecules,应用application,聚合物加工 process,高分子的分子设计* The molecules design,老的研究方法conventional investigation method1 高分子材料的合成 Polymer synthesize2 性能与结构研究 Investigation on properties and structure3 加工方法和技术开发 Exploita
12、tion on process technology4 寻找应用场合 Application investigation,高分子分子设计the molecules design of macromolecules1 使用场合application domain2 要求的使用性能the require for using properties3 分子结构的设计the design of molecules structure4 合成条件与方法研究investigation on method of synthesize5 高分子材料的合成 The synthesize of polymer ma
13、terials,本课程的教学目的 The educative purpose of the course,了解高分子材料的结构和性能及两者之间的关系 Find out the relation between polymer structure and properties 培养对高分子科学的兴趣 Bring up interest for polymer science 了解科学研究的思路和方法,初步建立高分子分子设计的思想,能够根据要求设计高分子材 料的改性方法和合成思路。 Find out the method of polymer investigation 实现高分子物理和高分子化学
14、的融合和贯通 Carry out digest of the polymer physics and chemistry,8.2 高分子链的近程结构 8.2 the short range structure,高分子的近程结构又称为高分子的一级结构。主要指组成高分子的结构单元的:the short range structure of polymer is called for the primary structure* 化学组成 chemical component* 键接方式 bond mode* 支化、交联和端基 branched, cross-link and end group*
15、空间构型 arrangement of structure units in space* 序列结构(共聚物)sequence structure (copolymer),8.2.1 化学组成chemical component 碳链高分子 carbon chain macromolecules主链由C原子以共价键联结 main chain with covalent bond of C atom 如: PE、PS、PP、PVC for example PE、PS、PP、PVC.,杂链高分子miscellaneous chain polymer主链由二种或更多原子以共价键联结,主要是C、O、N
16、、S等原子 main chain with covalent bond of two or more atom, namely C, O, N, S etc如:尼龙6、尼龙66、PET等 for example nylon 6, nylon 66 and PET etc.,元素有机高分子 element polymer主链中含有 Si 、P 、B 等无机元素的高分子链main chain with inorganic element, namely Si,P,B etc如:聚二甲基硅氧烷 silicone,8.2.2 键接方式 The bond mode,(头头)联接 (头尾)联接link by mode of caput-caput link by mode of caput-cauda不同键接方式的影响:effect of bond mode高聚物结晶能力、力学性能、热稳定性能等 crystal capabilitymechanical properties, heat stability,