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1、经济社会学的理论模式（1） 社会网分析,社会网分析的由来与发展 社会网分析在经济社会学中的应用 几点评论,社会网分析的由来与发展（1）,社会网分析的四个基本原则,Social network analysis is motivated by a structural intuition based on ties linking social actors It is grounded in systematic empirical date It draws heavily on graphic imagery, and It relies on the use of mathematica
2、l and / or computational modelsLinton C. Freeman, The Development of SocialNetwork Analysis, p. 3,社会网分析的由来与发展（2）,结构直观（Structural Intuition）,界定,Some social research has consistently focused on the social relationships linking individuals rather than on the individuals themselves. The kind of research
3、 that examines the links among the objects of study is called structural, 早期代表,Comte went on to show how the parts of the social system are interconnected: “Families become tribes and tribes become nations”. His view, then, is strikingly contemporary. He defined society using the kinds of structural
4、 terms that found today in social network analysis.,Perhaps the most explicitly structural perspective adopted by any of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century social thinkers was displayed in the work of Georg Simmel. Simmel said, “society exists where a number of individuals enter into in
5、teraction.,社会网分析的由来与发展（3）,系统数据（Systematic Empirical Data）,Pierre Huber: Swiss naturalist and made the systematic data on the social relations among the bees, L.H. Morgan: Lawyer / Anthropologist,Systematic data collection on the Iroquois system of naming kin and reckoning descent, J.A. Hobson: Econo
6、mist,Developed an approach to uncovering links among organizations. So-called two-mode (board member by company) data , Elizabeth Hagman: Childrens interpersonal relationships studiesObservation + Interviews = the ways to produce systematic data,社会网分析的由来与发展（4),图形（Graphic Imagery）,摩尔根的世系图,霍布森的组织图,社会网
7、分析的由来与发展（5),数学与计算模型（Mathematical and Computational models）, 社会网与计算Unlike many other approaches to social research, network analysis has consistently drawn on various branches of mathematics both to clarify its concepts and to spell out their consequences in precise terms. P.25, 早期运用的数学模式代数algebraic.
8、, 早期的几位代表人物,麦克法兰，1851年生于加拿大，爱丁堡大学毕业并担任数学讲师。企图运用定量模型来分析和推断家庭婚姻关系,加尔顿，1822年生于英国伯明翰，发明了最早的概率模型来分析社会网络。现在关于世系消失的概率模型被人们称作为“Beinayme-Galton-watson process”,社会网分析的由来与发展（6),社会测量人际学(Sociometry),Jacob Levy Moreno1891. BucharestSephardic Jew 1917. PsychiatryUniversity of Vienna 奥地利时期: 19171925形成社会测量学的基本思路 美国时
9、期： 1925遇到Helen Jennings设计并且实行在SING SING监 狱和HUDSON女子学校的社会测量学研究 1934：形成SOCIOMETRY术语,社会网分析的由来与发展（7),社会测量人际学(Sociometry)Sociometry was based on an “ experimental technique obtained by application of quantitative methodswhich inquire into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of indiv
10、iduals within them.Moremo: who will Survive?pp.10-11,Sociogram of a football team 一个足球队的社会测量示意图,社会网分析的由来与发展（8),社会测量人际学(Sociometry)拉扎斯费尔德的帮助与最初的数 量模 型 基线模型(Base-line Model)社会测量学的四个步骤The first decisive step in the development of sociometry was the disclosure of the actual organization of the group. Th
11、e second decisive step was the inclusion of subjective measures in determining this organization. The third decisive step was a method which gives to subjective terms the highest possible degree of objectivity, through the function of the auxiliary ego. The fourth decisive step was the consideration
12、 of the criterion (a need, a value, an aim, etc. )around which a particular structure develops.,Paul Lazarsfeld, Mathematical Sociology Professor of Columbia University,社会网分析的由来与发展（9),社会网分析的发展：19301970,1930：哈佛大学、“西屋电气实验”与派系研究 1933：Warner在密西西比进行的黑人派系研究 怀特及其街角社会,社会网分析的由来与发展（10),社会网分析的发展：19301970 1940:
13、 Iowa / MIT / Michigan Levi-strauss-Sobonne,1950:Chicago 1960:Michigan/Chicago/Amsterdam/Syracuse,社会网分析的由来与发展（11),社会网分析的发展：19301970,哈里森怀特与社会网分析在哈佛大学的复兴15岁进入MIT，1955年获得物理学博士学位1960年在普林斯顿获得社会学博士学位现任哥伦比亚大学社会学系教授,曾在芝加哥大学等教授社会分层、数理社会学等课程1963年回到哈佛大学，从事职业链等的研究，并且教出一大批从事社会网分析的学生怀特研究的特点：四个基本要素，即结构直观系统数据图形数理和计
14、算齐全到1970年代末期，社会网分析在社会科学家中得到普遍承认以“市场从哪里来”一文，率先向市场进军,社会网分析 在经济社会学中的应用（1）,关于市场结构：哈里森怀特的理论 怀特对新古典经济学的市场理论的批判Neoclassical microeconomics does not look directly at markets. Instead, decisions by typical actors (firms and consumers) are modeled. The theory is unable to specify analytically the boundaries o
15、f a market, or to discriminate a production market as such from an entire industrial economy I argue that the need instead is to focus on markets as such, as social structures built jointly by interlocking perceptions and decisions of actors who can be modeled individually by orthodox archetypes.新古典
16、微观经济学并未直接地看待市场。反之，决策是被典型的行动者 模式化的。此种理论不能够从分析上详述一个市场的边界， 或者从完整的产业经济来描述生产市场本身我主张：需要的反而是集中于市场本身，作为被交互关联的领悟和决策所共同地建造起来的社会结构，而这些行动者可能被正统原型从个人上加以模式化了。 H. White: Production Markets as induced role structure. In Sociological Methodology 1981. Pp. 1-2,社会网分析 在经济社会学中的应用（2）,思想实质: 将个体水平与结构水平的分析结合起来将张伯伦的“异质性产品”的观点, 作为引进社会学观点(社会结构)的突破口走向结构分析互动(生产者与生产者生产者与消费者) 理论意义：走向社会学的市场概念商人的个人决策 市场的独特和稳定的结构怀特的名言: “商人在行动,好像市场有一个稳定构,结果 也就真的出现了一个稳定的结构”,
