《仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210 APPROACH PROCEDURES》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210 APPROACH PROCEDURES（63页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、APPROACH,Approach Procedures,Safely Finding The Airport,?,Precision Approaches,Precision Approaches provide vertical guidance in addition to lateral guidance, most often through the use of an electronic glideslope. Precision Approaches include:,ILS (Instrument Landing System) GPS (LAAS) MLS (Microwa
2、ve Landing System) (5 in US) PAR Precision Approach Radar,Non-Precision Approaches provide lateral guidance only, descent is staged at specific distances along the approach. Non-Precision Approaches include:,Non-Precision Approaches,VOR NDB RNAV (GPS) ASR Airport Surveillance Radar Localizer (front
3、& back courses) LDA / SDF / RNAV,The United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the approved criteria for formulating instrument approach procedures.The FAA Handbook is FAA Order 8260.3B. Air Force, Navy, Army and Coast Guard have their own Handbook manual number.,Approach
4、Segments,Four approach segments Initial Intermediate Final Missed Approach Five segments if you count the up front feeder route.,Segments of an Approach,Initial Approach Segment,Aligns your aircraft with the approach course DME Arc Procedure Turn or Holding Pattern Guided course Initial Approach Fix
5、 Always labeled “IAF” on chart,Intermediate Approach Segment,Positions your aircraft for final descent to the airport Intermediate fix (IF) Begins at point where you are proceeding inbound to the final approach fix, properly aligned. Not all approaches have an intermediate fix,Not all approaches hav
6、e an intermediate fix,Final Approach Segment,Navigates you from FAF/FAP to a point (MDA or DH/DA) where you may descend to runway, if required visual references are in sight. PrecisionGlideslope provides vertical guidance between point of GS intercept to minimums (DH/DA). Nonprecision Final approach
7、 fix (FAF) Final approach point (FAP) PT intersects final approach course inbound.,Final segment of ILS approach (precision),The Glide Slope,Note final segment of this NDB Approach (non-precision with FAF),Final Segment of a VOR Approach (non-precision with FAP),Missed Approach Segment,Navigate from
8、 MAP to missed approach holding point. Depicted on every approach For radar approaches, given verbally. ATC may give you instructions other than the published missed procedure (be prepared to copy!). Missed Approach Point For PA: at decision height/ altitude (DH/DA). For NPA: either at a fix or timi
9、ng.,Example of a missed approach,Preparing For The Approach,In planning, be familiar with the available IAPs at Primary AND Alternate Airports. Nearing destination, a controller or ATIS tells you the expected IAP. Its not yours until youre “cleared for the approach.” Now thoroughly review the IAP. S
10、et up radios and navaids early on.,Approach Clearance,If youre cleared for a specific approach, and you prefer another, ask the controller for your desired. If “Cleared for approach” only You can choose any published approach. Execute entire procedure from feeder route or IAF unless: Radar vectored
11、to final approach course.LISTEN LISTEN LISTEN,Straight-in Approach,Does not require, nor are you authorized to do a procedure turn or course reversal .even if published. Initiated at: fix closely aligned to final approach course completion of DME arc vectors to final approach course NoPT on chart me
12、ans procedure turn not authorized on this segment,“Cleared for straight-in approach”,This means you are cleared to execute the approach WITHOUT THE COURSE REVERSAL PROCEDURE TURNDifference between straight-in approach and straight-in landing ,Straight-in LANDING,Final Approach Course within 30 of th
13、e runway. Sometimes not possible because: VOR not closely aligned with any usable runways. Landing minimums too high for normal descent to a landing. (e.g.: LHU),Straight-In Landing,This is what you do at the END of an approach. Land on runway specified in approach title. As opposed to circling. Mos
14、t approach minima are written for straight-in landings based on the approach. Versus Circling minima for runways NOT aligned.,Use of ATC Radar for Approaches,ASR PAR Monitor non-radar approaches Guidance to final approach course Radar vectors are given to place you on the IAP or to establish you on
15、the final approach course prior to the FAF.,Class B and C Terminal Radar ServicesProvide vectoring and separation between IFR and VFR traffic and VFR sequencing within terminal areas and handles the transition from the en route segment to the terminal environment. Monitor aircraft on instrument appr
16、oaches. Radar approaches are available where civil instrument approach minimums are published.,Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) Approach,ASR is designed for high-resolution, short-range coverage in general vicinity of an airport. Non-Precision approaches are available at airports that have an approv
17、ed ASR procedure. ASR provides radar vectors to the FAF, then azimuth information during the approach. Along with range from the runway, the pilot is advised of MDA, when to begin descent, and when at the MDA. If requested, recommended altitudes will be furnished each mile while on final approach. There are no graphical ASR approach plates (NACO).,
