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1、,语法讲座:从 句,重点三 定 语 从 句,从 句 (重点三 定 语 从 句),I. 考点分析 定语从句主要考点是关系代词，尤其是that, as, 介词+which的用法。 II知识点 定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。 引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中：,1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别
2、作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。例句:,1）The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 2) The man (who) I saw is called Smith. 3) I know the man (whom) you mean. 4) A child whose parents are dead is called an
3、orphan. 5) Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 6) A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read. 7) The letter (that) I received from him yesterday is very important. 8) Is he the man that sells eggs? 9) That is the boy (that) you are looking for.,2. When 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句
4、中都作状语。例如： 1) We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better. 2) He has reached the point where a change is needed. 3) That is no reason why you should leave.,定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号
5、隔开。 1) I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 2) Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.,III定语从句中的四级考点:,1.在下列情形下只能用that，而不能用which。 1)序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时： a. The first English novel that I read was the Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. b. Tom is the most diligent students that I h
6、ave ever known. 2) 先行词是不定代词或被All, everything, nothing anything, something等不定代词修饰先行词时： a. Mr. Green had told us something that we should do in the summer vocation. b. I heard all that she told to her mother.,2. that, which 和as,非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that，而只能用which或 as。而后两者的区别是whi
7、ch引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。 a. He once helped a woman, which(as) was reported in the newspaper.The dog, which(as) is black, is running toward the strange man. b. As is known, the director of the company is going to come to our branch to have a inspection of the production
8、here.,3. which和whom 在从句中作介词的宾语,which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。 a. Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from. b. The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant. The house
9、 which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant. c. This is the magazine (that) you are looking for.,4. 介词which的结构可代替定语从句中的引导词when和where。 a. He was born in Germany where(in which) he stayed for 12 years. b. She arrived at 12 oclock when(at which) it was raining hard. 5.but, than也可作关系代词。 a. You sp
10、ent more money than was intended to be spent. b. There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。but = who dont） 从历年四级词汇语法考点中分析可知，定语从句出现的频率很高，主要集中在以上所讲的定语从句的特殊用法中，因此需重点掌握这些。,四级真题定语从句,1. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,_, of course, made others jealous.
11、(93/06/59)A) who B) that C) what D) which D) 题意：海伦对她最小的孩子要比别的孩子好得多，这当然让其他孩子嫉妒了。 解析：本题中which是关系代词，引导一个非限定性定语从句，指代前面整句话的意思。 2._ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. (93/06/67) A)That B) Which C) As D) It C) 题意：全世界的人都知道马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 解析：As和which都可引导非限定定语从句，which从句只可放在句中和句末，而a
12、s引导的从句可放在句中、句末和句首，故此处只能选as。,3. The residents, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. (93/6/68)A) all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes C) 题意：红十字会给那些居民提供帮助，他们的房子在洪水中被毁。 解析：据题意和句子结构判断中间逗号隔开的部分应为非限定性定语从句，用来解释说明前面的residents，此处所填的先行词用来指
13、代前面的residents。它与homes之间的关系是一种所属关系，故用代词whose。故C正确。 4. Language is a city, to the building of _ every human being brought a stone. (94/01/51)A)which B) that C) it D) this A) 题意：语言是一座城市，每一个人都为它的建设增砖添瓦。 解析：根据句子结构和句义，空格处应为一个引导定语从句的关系代词用来指代先行词a city。又由于是非限定性定语从句，故只能选A。,5. You will want two trees about ten
14、 feet apart, from _ to suspend your tent. (95/06/50)A) there B) them C) which D) where C) 题意：你需要两棵相距十英尺远的树，在树上可悬挂你的帐篷。 解析：此句逗号后的部分用来修饰说明前面的two trees，是个非限定性定语从句，又由于from为介词，故只能选C。由于从句和主句的主语一致，故从句中省略了主语和谓语动词you want。这种形式又可被看作介词+ which +动词不定式短语的结构。若无from，此处可选D。 6. _ might be expected, the response to th
15、e question was very mixed. (96/6/27)A)As B) That C) It D) What A) 题意：这个问题的答案极为复杂，这一点人们可能已经预见到了。 解析：同题2。,7. It is useful to be able to predict the extent _ which a price change will affect supply and demand. (97/01/29) A)from B) with C) to D) for C) 题意：能够预测价格变化将影响供需的程度是有益的。 解析：本题的测试点是介词的用法和介词+which/w
16、hom引导的定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词除了做从句中动词的宾语外，还可做介词的宾语，这些介词常有：with 表伴随状态；of表部分与整体的关系；to表方向、目的；for表示对象；from表示来源。从本题可看出答案应与动词连用，指明预测的方向；且toextent为固定介词短语，表到的程度。 8. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _obtaining water is not the least. (98/01/42) C) 题意：居住在澳大利亚中部的沙漠地区有许多问题，取水就是个不小的的问题。 解析：本题的测试点是介词的用法和介词+which/whom引导的定语从句。Lest做介词表示对介词of的选择，of 和which指代的先行词problems是所属关系。,
