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1、Computer English,Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers,计算机专业英语,1-2,Key points: useful terms and definitions of computers Difficult points: describing the features of computers of each generation,计算机专业英语,1-3,Requirements:,1. The trends of computer hardware and software,2. Basic characteristic
2、s of modern computers,3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers,4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点,计算机专业英语,1-4,New Words & Expressions: computerlike a. 计算机似的 electromechanical a. 机电的, 电机的 vacuum tubes 真空管 Census Bureau 人口普查局thousands of 成千上万的 known as 通常所说的，以著称,1.1 The Invention of t
3、he Computer,Abbreviations:ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)电子数字积分计算机，ENIAC计算机 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)延迟存储电子自动计算机BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二进制自动计算机UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自动计算机,计算机专业英语,1-5,It is hard to say exactly when the modern
4、computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it
5、has a stored program, and that it is general purpose. 很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从20世纪30年代到40年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序, 而且是通用的。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,计算机专业英语,1-6,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germa
6、ny by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, stored-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was ca
7、lled the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic. 第一个类似计算机的装置之一是1941年由德国的Konrad Zuse研制的，叫做Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德.艾坎在IBM的资助下于1943年在哈佛大学研制的
8、。它被称为自动序列控制计算器Mark I,或简称哈佛Mark I。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机,因为它们不是完全电子化的。,计算机专业英语,1-7,1.1.1 The ENIAC Perhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Penns
9、ylvania. The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机，或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。,1.1 The Inventio
10、n of the Computer,计算机专业英语,1-8,1.1.1 The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set
11、. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer . ENIAC是当时重要的成就。它是第一台通用型电子计算机器，并能够执行每秒数千次运算。然而,它是由开关和继电器控制的，必须手工设定。 因此，虽然它是一个通用型电子装置，但是它没有储存程序。 因此,它不具备计算机的所有特征。,1.1 The Invention of the Co
12、mputer,计算机专业英语,1-9,1.1.1 The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the fir
13、st machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951.在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入到 Eckert和Mauchly团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机, 或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到1951年，它一直没有完成。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,计算机专业英语,1-
14、10,1.1.1 The ENIAC Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in Ma
15、y of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些机器建成了，它们吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和N
16、euman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,计算机专业英语,1-11,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC I Like other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly forme
17、d a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Ra
18、nd in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer. 像他们之前的其他计算机先驱一样,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年组成了一家公司开发商业计算机。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly计算机公司。他们的目标是设计并建造通用自动计算机或UNIVAC。因为难以获得财政支持，他们不得不在1950年把公司卖给了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly继续在Remington Rand公司从事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。众所周知的UNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。,
