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1、Skill V Reference,Review: conversion,Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals. 在英国运河网的修建中，有两件事是非常突出的。 在修建英国运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的。（NV） Two things characterize all the Industrial Revolution. 这两点是整个工业革命的特点。,What is reference 1,There are certain items in every language whic
2、h have the property of reference, i.e. instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right, they make reference to something else for their interpretation. In English these items are personals, demonstratives, and comparatives. These items are directives indicating that information is to be
3、 retrieved from elsewhere.,Some examples,Lily is a student. She is twelve. (anaphoric) Leaving all his money, the old man left. (cataphoric) Peter had a wife but couldnt keep her. Ill make you apple pies. How would you like that? This is the house Jack built. (Exdophoric),What is reference 2,Referen
4、cesituational textualExdophoric (外) Endophoric (内)to preceding text to following textanaphoric前 cataphoric后,Function of using references,Comparison I found a boy sitting in the classroom. The boy was talking to a teacher. It seemed that the boy was very angry, because the boy was shaking the boys fi
5、st. I found a boy sitting in the classroom. He was talking to a teacher. It seemed that the boy was very angry, because he was shaking his fist. I found a boy sitting in the classroom. They were talking to a teacher. It seemed that he was very angry, because he was shaking his fist. The function of
6、using references Make the writing simple, easily understood and cohesive.,Understanding references (1),1Two things are out standing in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Li
7、ke Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. The universities (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) also took
8、little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England.,Discussion 1,Two things are out standing in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made the
9、 revolution were practical men. 在修建英国运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的。这两点是整个工业革命的特点。首先，发动这场革命的都是些实干家。Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.,Discussion 2,同布林德雷一样，他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上，当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。 The grammar schools legally
10、could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. 按规定文法学校只能讲授古典学科，这些学校的办学宗旨本来就是如此。 The universities (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) also took little interest in modern or scientific studies;,Discussion 3,大学（当时只有两所，一所在牛津，一所在剑桥）对现代的或科学的学科也不怎么感兴趣； and they were clo
11、sed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. 这两所大学还把不信奉英国国教的人关在门外。,Understanding references (2),2If you think of a pair of combatants as a heroic British St Micheal bringing the wrath of God upon a German Lucifer, then you may exult in the victory of St Micheal if he kills Lucifer, or
12、burn to avenge him if his dastardly adversary mows him down with a machine-gun before he can get to grips with him.,Discussion 4,If you think of a pair of combatants as a heroic British St Micheal bringing the wrath of God upon a German Lucifer, then you may exult in the victory of St Micheal if he
13、kills Lucifer, or burn to avenge him if his dastardly adversary mows him down with a machine-gun before he can get to grips with him. 设想一下，假如英勇的英国士兵圣迈克尔正义愤填膺地与德国鬼子卢瑟福交战，如果圣迈克尔杀了卢瑟福你自然会欣喜若狂，而当你看到圣迈克尔还未来得及和德国鬼子交手就被用机枪扫倒，你又肯定会怒火中烧，誓报此仇。,How to translate,Into reference His younger brother is a doctor. 他
14、弟弟是医生。 My sister is a college student. She is lovely. 我妹妹是个大学生，她很可爱。 Into noun or oneself (“自己”) Any gas in fact can be turned into a liquid by compressing, as long as it is not too hot. 事实上，任何气体经过压缩都能变成液体，只要气体不是太热。,How to translate,But he didnt seem to notice his surroundings. 可是他好象并没有注意到自己的处境。 He
15、put his hand into his pocket. 他把手插进(自己的)衣袋里。 Omit the reference We had much snow last year. 去年下了许多雪。 The boy broke his arm when he fell from the tree. 这个男孩从树上跌下来的时候把胳膊摔断了。,How to translate,If they could not be lovers, they could be friends again and she could warm her cold and lonely heart in the gl
16、ow of his friendship. 即使他们成不了爱人，也可以重新成为朋友，她可以借他的友谊之光来温暖自己那颗孤独、冰冷的心。 It is about 150 million kilometers from the earth to the sun. 地球距太阳的距离约为一亿五千万公里。,Special pattern,He was shot in the back. 他的背部中弹了。 He looked me in the face. 他看着我的脸。 The child pulled its mother by the coat. 那个小孩拉着他妈妈的外衣。,Homework,Translate the first two paragraphs of passage 3: “Only Time Will Tell”,
